Achieving sustainable development as an inclusive societal process in rural landscapes, and sustainability in terms of functional green infrastructures for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services, are wicked challenges. Competing claims from various sectors call for evidence-based adaptive collaborative governance. Leveraging such approaches requires maintenance of several forms of social interactions and capitals. Focusing on Pan-European regions with different environmental histories and cultures, we estimate the state and trends of two groups of factors underpinning rural landscape stewardship, namely, (1) traditional rural landscape and novel face-to-face as well as virtual fora for social interaction, and (2) bonding, bridging, and linking forms of social capital. We applied horizon scanning to 16 local landscapes located in 18 countries, representing Pan-European social-ecological and cultural gradients. The resulting narratives, and rapid appraisal knowledge, were used to estimate portfolios of different fora for social interactions and forms of social capital supporting landscape stewardship. The portfolios of fora for social interactions were linked to societal cultures across the European continent: “self-expression and secular-rational values” in the northwest, “Catholic” in the south, and “survival and traditional authority values” in the East. This was explained by the role of traditional secular and religious local meeting places. Virtual internet-based fora were most widespread. Bonding social capitals were the strongest across the case study landscapes, and linking social capitals were the weakest. This applied to all three groups of fora. Pan-European social-ecological contexts can be divided into distinct clusters with respect to the portfolios of different fora supporting landscape stewardship, which draw mostly on bonding and bridging forms of social capital. This emphasizes the need for regionally and culturally adapted approaches to landscape stewardship, which are underpinned by evidence-based knowledge about how to sustain green infrastructures based on both forest naturalness and cultural landscape values. Sharing knowledge from comparative studies can strengthen linking social capital.

中文翻译：

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支持乡村景观管理的聚会场所和社会资本：泛欧洲视野

在乡村景观中实现可持续发展是一个包容性的社会过程，在生物多样性保护和生态系统服务的功能性绿色基础设施方面实现可持续性是邪恶的挑战。来自各个部门的竞争主张要求基于证据的自适应协作治理。利用这种方法需要维持几种形式的社会互动和资本。针对具有不同环境历史和文化的泛欧洲地区，我们估算了支持乡村景观管理的两组因素的状态和趋势，即（1）传统乡村景观和新颖的面对面交流以及虚拟论坛。社会互动，以及（2）社会资本的结合，桥接和链接形式。我们对位于18个国家/地区的16个本地景观应用了水平扫描，这些景观代表了泛欧洲的社会生态和文化梯度。由此产生的叙述和快速的评估知识被用来估计不同论坛的投资组合，以促进社会互动和支持景观管理的社会资本形式。社交互动论坛的内容与整个欧洲大陆的社会文化联系在一起：西北部为“自我表达和世俗理性价值观”，南部为“天主教”，东方则为“生存和传统权威价值观”。传统世俗和宗教地方聚会场所的作用可以解释这一点。基于虚拟互联网的论坛最为广泛。在案例研究中，最重要的是结合社会资本，连接社会资本的能力最弱。这适用于所有三组论坛。就支持景观管理的不同论坛的投资组合而言，泛欧洲的社会生态环境可以分为不同的集群，这些集群主要依靠社会资本的结合和桥接形式。这强调了对区域管理进行区域和文化适应的方法的必要性，其基础是基于证据的知识，该知识关于如何维持基于森林自然性和文化景观价值的绿色基础设施。分享比较研究的知识可以加强社会资本之间的联系。它主要依靠社会资本的结合和桥接形式。这强调了对区域管理进行区域和文化适应的方法的必要性，其基础是基于证据的知识，该知识关于如何维持基于森林自然性和文化景观价值的绿色基础设施。分享比较研究的知识可以加强社会资本之间的联系。它主要依靠社会资本的结合和桥接形式。这强调了对区域管理进行区域和文化适应的方法的必要性，其基础是基于证据的知识，该知识关于如何维持基于森林自然性和文化景观价值的绿色基础设施。分享比较研究的知识可以加强社会资本之间的联系。