The conservation and active restoration of European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) populations are a major focus of ecological restoration efforts to take advantage of the wide-ranging ecosystem functions and services this species provides. Accordingly, additional and new demands for seed oysters have arisen. In commercial aquaculture (mariculture), the production of O. edulis is still largely based on natural seed collection. Considering the specific requirements, related to ecological restoration, such as the absence of pathogens and the preservation of high genetic diversity, the current supply is insufficient. Despite the development of breeding and controlled reproduction techniques for this species since the late 1930s, seed production today is mainly based on empirical concepts. Several of the issues that producers still face are already subjects of research; many others are still unanswered or even unaddressed. This review provides a summary of all available knowledge and technologies of O. edulis seed production. Furthermore, it provides a detailed reflection on implications for restoration, future challenges, open questions and it identifies relevant research topics for sustainable seed supply. The study covers the following aspects on (i) biology of the species, (ii) stressors – including pathogens and pollutants, (iii) genetics, (iv) history of production technologies, (v) seed production in polls, (vi) seed production in ponds and (vii) seed production in hatcheries. Future research needs on sex determinism, gametogenesis, cryopreservation, nutrition, selective breeding, pathogens and disease, and the development of reliable protocols for production are highlighted.

中文翻译：

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用于生态恢复和水产养殖的欧洲扁牡蛎（Ostrea edulis）种子的可持续大规模生产：综述

欧洲扁牡蛎（Ostrea edulis）种群的保护和积极恢复是生态恢复工作的主要重点，以利用该物种提供的广泛生态系统功能和服务。因此，出现了对牡蛎种子的额外和新需求。在商业水产养殖（海水养殖）中，O. edulis的生产仍然主要基于天然种子收集。考虑到与生态恢复相关的具体要求，例如没有病原体和保持高遗传多样性，目前供应不足。尽管自 1930 年代后期以来该物种的育种和控制繁殖技术得到发展，但今天的种子生产主要基于经验概念。生产商仍然面临的一些问题已经成为研究课题；许多其他人仍然没有得到答复，甚至没有得到解决。本综述总结了O. edulis的所有可用知识和技术种子生产。此外，它还详细反映了对恢复的影响、未来的挑战、开放性问题，并确定了可持续种子供应的相关研究主题。该研究涵盖以下方面：(i) 物种生物学，(ii) 压力因素——包括病原体和污染物，(iii) 遗传学，(iv) 生产技术的历史，(v) 投票中的种子生产，(vi) 种子池塘生产和 (vii) 孵化场种子生产。强调了未来对性别决定论、配子发生、冷冻保存、营养、选择性育种、病原体和疾病以及可靠的生产协议开发的研究需求。