Mixing between photons and low-mass bosons is well considered in the literature. The particular case of interest here is with hypothetical gravitons, as we are concerned with the direct conversion of gravitons into photons in the presence of an external magnetic field. We examine whether such a process could produce direct low-frequency radio counterparts to gravitational-wave events. Our work differs from previous work in the literature in that we use the results of numerical simulations to demonstrate that, although a single such event may be undetectable without at least ${10}^5$ dipoles, an unresolved gravitational wave background from neutron star mergers could be potentially detectable with a lunar telescope composed of ${10}^3$ elements. This is provided the gravitational wave spectrum only experiences exponential damping above 80 kHz, a full order of magnitude above the limit achieved by present simulation results. In addition, the extrapolation cannot have a power-law slope $\lesssim -2$ (for 100 hours of observation time) and background and foregrounds must be effectively subtracted to obtain the signal. This does not make detection impossible, but suggests it may be unlikely. Furthermore, assuming a potentially detectable spectral scenario we show that, for the case when no detection is made by a lunar array, a lower bound, competitive with those from Lorentz-invariance violation, may be placed on the energy-scale of quantum gravitational effects. The SKA is shown to have very limited prospects for the detection of either a single merger or a background.

在文献中已经充分考虑了光子与低质量玻色子之间的混合。此处感兴趣的特定情况是假设的引力子，因为我们关注的是在存在外部磁场的情况下，引力子直接转换为光子。我们检查了这种过程是否可以产生与引力波事件直接对应的低频无线电。我们的工作与文献中的先前工作不同之处在于，我们使用数值模拟的结果来证明，尽管在没有至少一个情况下可能无法检测到单个此类事件${10}^5$ 偶极子，由中子星合并产生的未解决的引力波背景可以用由 ${10}^3$元素。前提是重力波谱仅在80 kHz以上经历指数阻尼，比当前模拟结果所达到的极限高一个完整数量级。此外，外推不能有幂律斜率$\lesssim -2$（对于100小时的观察时间），必须有效减去背景和前景以获得信号。这并非不可能进行检测，但是表明可能不太可能。此外，假设有一个潜在可探测的光谱场景，我们表明，对于没有通过月球阵列进行探测的情况，与洛伦兹不变性违约竞争的下限可能被置于量子引力效应的能级上。事实证明，SKA对于检测单个合并或背景的前景非常有限。