Self-embedding fragile watermarking algorithms can perform detection of the manipulated areas as well as recovery of these detected areas. Most of the self-embedding fragile watermarking algorithms are performed block-wise authentication approach. However, entire block is marked as tampered in case one of the pixels in the block is detected as manipulated. This situation decreases the accuracy rate of the authentication process especially against pixel-based attacks such as salt and paper noise adding. Therefore, we present a novel pixel-wise authentication-based self-embedding fragile watermarking method for manipulation detection and recovery. In this proposed method, reference image is divided into four main blocks. Then, each main block is subdivided into \(2\times 4\) or \(4\times 2\) sized blocks according to block type determined using recovery quality. Recovery bits of each main block generated from sub-blocks are spreaded into the two main blocks in the other half of the image. For each pixel, two authentication bits are generated using the six most significant bits of the pixel with two pixel position bits and then embedded into the first and second least significant bits of the pixel. In experimental results, pixel-based attacks are applied to the images to demonstrate the success of the presented method. Also, performance of the presented method has been evaluated by applying different size of cropping attacks to the watermarked images. Experimental results show that the proposed method satisfactory detect and recover the manipulated areas.

自嵌入的脆弱水印算法可以执行操作区域的检测以及这些检测区域的恢复。大多数自嵌入的脆弱水印算法都是按块进行身份验证的方法。但是，在检测到该块中的像素之一被操纵的情况下，将整个块标记为已篡改。这种情况会降低身份验证过程的准确率，尤其是针对基于像素的攻击（例如添加盐和纸张噪声）时。因此，我们提出了一种新颖的基于像素方式认证的自嵌入脆弱水印方法，用于操纵检测和恢复。在该提出的方法中，参考图像被分为四个主要块。然后，将每个主块细分为\（2×4）或\（4×2 \）根据使用恢复质量确定的块类型确定大小的块。从子块产生的每个主块的恢复位被扩展到图像另一半的两个主块中。对于每个像素，使用具有两个像素位置位的像素的六个最高有效位来生成两个认证位，然后将其嵌入到像素的第一和第二最低有效位中。在实验结果中，将基于像素的攻击应用于图像以证明所提出方法的成功。而且，已经通过将不同大小的裁剪攻击应用于水印图像来评估所提出的方法的性能。实验结果表明，该方法能够令人满意地检测和恢复被操纵区域。