After decades of methodological stasis in 19th century psychiatric genetics, when uncontrolled studies reported high rates of hereditary burden in hospitalized patients, Koller completed the first controlled study in 1895. We pick up this narrative 7 years later when the well‐known Julius Wagner v. Jauregg published a biting critique of the then current psychiatric genetics' literature. In 1905, partially in response to Wagner v. Jauregg, Otto Diem attempted to replicate and extend Koller's study. Wagner v. Jauregg then wrote a follow‐up to his earlier critique in 1906, commenting on Diem's investigation. Themes discussed in this point‐counterpoint included the necessity of statistical methods to draw meaningful conclusions about the impact of hereditary burden on mental illness, the required sample size and proper selection of controls, the classes of relatives which should optimally be studied, the problems of obtaining accurate information on familial illnesses, the nature of the disorders in families which contribute to mental illness risk and the common unquestioned dogmatic belief that insanity is very often due to hereditary causes. Both Wagner v. Jauregg and Diem spoke out forcefully against the common assumption that hereditary burden operated in a deterministic fashion and emphasized the need to consider other causes of illness.

中文翻译：

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Julius Wagner von Jauregg、Otto Diem 和评估遗传负担对精神疾病风险贡献的研究方法：1902-1906

在 19 世纪精神遗传学方法论停滞数十年之后，当非对照研究报告住院患者的遗传负担较高时，科勒于 1895 年完成了第一项对照研究。 7 年后，当著名的朱利叶斯·瓦格纳 (Julius Wagner v. Jauregg 对当时的精神病遗传学文献发表了尖锐的批评。1905 年，作为对 Wagner v. Jauregg 的部分回应，Otto Diem 试图复制和扩展 Koller 的研究。Wagner v. Jauregg 随后在 1906 年撰写了他早期批评的后续文章，评论了 Diem 的调查。在这一点对位中讨论的主题包括统计方法的必要性，以得出关于遗传负担对精神疾病的影响的有意义的结论，所需的样本量和适当的对照选择、应进行最佳研究的亲属类别、获取有关家族疾病的准确信息的问题、导致精神疾病风险的家族疾病的性质以及普遍的、毋庸置疑的教条信念精神错乱通常是由于遗传原因造成的。Wagner v. Jauregg 和 Diem 都强烈反对遗传负担以确定性方式运作的共同假设，并强调需要考虑其他疾病原因。家庭中导致精神疾病风险的疾病的性质，以及精神错乱通常是由遗传原因引起的普遍的、不容置疑的教条主义信念。Wagner v. Jauregg 和 Diem 都强烈反对遗传负担以确定性方式运作的共同假设，并强调需要考虑其他疾病原因。家庭中导致精神疾病风险的疾病的性质，以及精神错乱通常是由遗传原因引起的普遍的、不容置疑的教条主义信念。Wagner v. Jauregg 和 Diem 都强烈反对遗传负担以确定性方式运作的共同假设，并强调需要考虑其他疾病原因。