The present meta-analysis aimed to explore the correlates of listening comprehension in first (L1) and second language (L2). In this regard, the overall average correlation scores, obtained from several primary studies retrieved from several databases, between linguistic (vocabulary size, vocabulary depth, syntactic knowledge), cognitive (working memory, metacognitive skills), and affective factors (anxiety and self-concept) and oral comprehension were measured. The results of the analysis revealed that in terms of strengths of association with listening comprehension, linguistic correlates were superior to cognitive correlates in L2 listening comprehension. There existed positive correlations with large effect sizes between vocabulary and grammar knowledge and listening comprehension while working memory yielded a positive correlation with a small effect size. Metacognitive skills, on the other hand, demonstrated a positive correlation with L2 listening comprehension with a large effect size. A similar pattern was observed in L1 listening comprehension with smaller strengths of association. Vocabulary and grammar knowledge yielded positive correlations with L1 listening comprehension and the effect size was medium while working memory weakly correlated with listening comprehension. An important distinction between L1 and L2 listening comprehension was observed in the affective domain. Anxiety and self-concept which were not reported to correlate with L1 listening comprehension were found to display large correlations with listening comprehension in L2. Overall, it was found that listening comprehension in both L1 and L2 is a multi-faceted process with different types of components involved.

中文翻译：

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L1和L2听力理解的相关性：荟萃分析

本荟萃分析旨在探讨第一语言（L1）和第二语言（L2）的听力理解之间的相关性。在这方面，从语言（词汇量，词汇深度，句法知识），认知（工作记忆，元认知技能）和情感因素（焦虑和自概念）和口头理解能力。分析结果表明，就与听力理解的关联强度而言，在L2听力理解中，语言相关性优于认知相关性。词汇和语法知识与听力理解之间存在正相关，且影响大小较大，而工作记忆则具有较小影响，且具有正相关关系。另一方面，元认知技能与L2听力理解呈正相关，且影响大小较大。在L1听力理解中观察到相似的模式，联想强度较小。词汇和语法知识与L1听力理解呈正相关，影响大小中等，而工作记忆与听力理解弱相关。在情感领域，观察到了L1和L2听力理解之间的重要区别。未发现与L1听力理解相关的焦虑和自我概念与L2听力理解表现出较大的相关性。总体而言，发现在L1和L2中的听力理解是一个多方面的过程，涉及不同类型的组件。