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Between Barbarism and Progress: Enlightenment Historical Writings on a Major Conflict in Russian History
Changing Societies & Personalities Pub Date : 2020-01-06 , DOI: 10.15826/csp.2019.3.4.084
Sergei V. Sokolov

The dichotomy of barbarism and progress has long been a focal point for the discussions about Russia’s past and present. The discourse on Russian barbarism had been known in Europe since at least 16th century, but Enlightenment thinkers gave it a new shape by juxtaposing the ancient conception of barbarism with the rather modern idea of progress. In this article, Enlightenment historical writings are examined; the focus is on the question of how Russian history was studied in order to find signs of barbarism and the different guises of progress. The primary sources for the article are mainly Russian historical writings; however, relations and interactions between Russian and European intellectuals, as well as intellectual exchange and influence, are also noted. As there were no word “civilization” in 18th-century Russian, enlightenment was deemed by Russian thinkers as the antipode to barbarism. It is concluded that most Enlightenment writers saw Christianization as a step forward from barbarism in Russian history. Parallels between Russia and Scandinavia as they were drawn by August Schlözer are also analyzed. The article shows how the idea of conflict between barbarism and progress altered the understanding of Russian history in the Enlightenment.

中文翻译:

在野蛮与进步之间:对俄罗斯历史上重大冲突的历史著作的启示

长期以来,野蛮与进步的二分法一直是讨论俄罗斯过去和现在的焦点。关于俄国野蛮主义的论述至少在16世纪就已在欧洲广为人知,但是启蒙运动的思想家通过将古老的野蛮主义概念与相当现代的进步思想并置在一起,赋予了它新的形态。本文探讨了启蒙运动的历史著作;重点在于如何研究俄国历史以便发现野蛮的迹象和不同的前进道路。该文章的主要来源主要是俄罗斯的历史著作。但是,俄罗斯和欧洲知识分子之间的关系和互动,以及知识分子的交流和影响也被注意到。由于18世纪的俄语中没有“文明”一词,俄国思想家认为启蒙是野蛮主义的对立面。结论是,大多数启蒙运动作家都将基督教化视为俄罗斯历史上野蛮主义迈出的一步。还分析了AugustSchlözer绘制的俄罗斯和斯堪的那维亚之间的平行线。本文展示了野蛮与进步之间的冲突观念如何改变了启蒙运动中对俄罗斯历史的理解。
更新日期:2020-01-06
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