Open access publishing, where readers do not pay to access articles, became possible due to the electronic publishing revolution that is the Internet [1]. The seminal definition of open access, and one upon which most literature still draws, is that of the “Budapest Open Access Initiative” (BOAI): By “open access” to this literature, we mean its free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. The only constraint on reproduction and distribution, and the only role for copyright in this domain, should be to give authors control over the integrity of their work and the right to be properly acknowledged and cited [2]. To achieve this free access to scholarly literature, the BOAI recommends two complementary strategies. The first is self-archival of scholars’ work in dedicated online archives. The second calls for the establishment of open access journals that ensure immediate open access to the articles they publish without any access restriction or subscription fees to readers. There are many other definitions of open access, and Bailey [3] gives a useful overview of others and of the evolution of terminology in this space. However, the BOAI still contains the fundamental principles and goes hand-in hand with Creative Commons which provides the most prevalent licensing architecture that enables open access. The evolution of open access first centered around gold and green options. Green open access, or “the green way to open access,” is modeled on the practices of physicists who, from as far back as 1991, began archiving personal versions of their papers prior to publication on a central archive called ArXiv [4]. Gold open access, by contrast, refers to articles that are made available immediately at the point of publication by the publishing journal itself and as the manuscript’s final version of record. Such articles are “born free” [5]. How gold access comes about can vary. Authors may pay an article processing charge (APC), and this may be to a journal that is completely open access. The rise of open access mega-journals exemplifies an innovative form of a journal that successfully pursued this model [6]. Journals have also taken Eamon Costello 70 | Sci Ed 2019;6(1):69-72 http://www.escienceediting.org a “hybrid” approach, continuing to publish closed-access articles available only via subscription but alongside fully (gold) open access articles for which authors have paid an APC. Additionally, some open access journals do not charge any APCs. “Diamond open access” is one term posited to define this form of non-APC open access: In the Diamond Open Access Model, not-for-profit, noncommercial organizations, associations or networks publish material that is made available online in digital format, is free of charge for readers and authors and does not allow commercial and for-profit reuse [7]. “Platinum” offers an alternative term to “diamond” for a journal that charges no APCs to authors. Regarding consistency of terminology, it has the advantage that platinum, like gold, is a metal and that it is more valuable than gold. Both diamond and platinum are now used and mean broadly the same thing. However, it will be a new term—bronze open access—that the remainder of this paper focuses on.

中文翻译：

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Bronze、free 或fourrée：开放获取评论

由于互联网的电子出版革命[1]，开放获取出版成为可能，读者无需为获取文章付费。开放获取的开创性定义，也是大多数文献仍然借鉴的定义，是“布达佩斯开放获取倡议”（BOAI）的定义：对于这些文献的“开放获取”，我们指的是它在公共互联网上免费提供，允许任何用户阅读、下载、复制、分发、打印、搜索或链接到这些文章的全文，抓取它们以进行索引，将它们作为数据传递给软件，或将它们用于任何其他合法目的，没有财务、法律，或与访问互联网本身密不可分的技术障碍。复制和分发的唯一限制，以及版权在该领域的唯一作用，应该让作者控制其作品的完整性以及被适当承认和引用的权利 [2]。为了实现对学术文献的免费访问，BOAI 推荐了两种互补的策略。第一个是在专门的在线档案中自行归档学者的工作。第二个要求建立开放获取期刊，以确保对他们发表的文章立即开放获取，而没有任何访问限制或向读者收取订阅费。开放获取还有许多其他定义，Bailey [3] 对其他定义以及该领域术语的演变进行了有用的概述。然而，BOAI 仍然包含基本原则，并与知识共享携手并进，后者提供最流行的许可架构，支持开放访问。开放获取的演变首先围绕黄金和绿色选择。绿色开放获取或“开放获取的绿色方式”以物理学家的实践为蓝本，他们早在 1991 年就开始将论文的个人版本存档，然后再将其发表在名为 ArXiv 的中央档案库 [4]。相比之下，黄金开放获取是指出版期刊本身在出版时立即提供的文章，并作为手稿的最终记录版本。此类文章是“天生自由”[5]。获取黄金的方式各不相同。作者可能会支付文章处理费 (APC)，这可能是针对完全开放获取的期刊。开放获取大型期刊的兴起体现了成功采用这种模式的期刊的创新形式 [6]。期刊也拿了 Eamon Costello 70 | Sci Ed 2019;6(1):69-72 http://www.escienceediting.org 一种“混合”方法，继续发布仅通过订阅提供的封闭获取文章，但与作者的完全（黄金）开放获取文章一起发布已支付 APC。此外，一些开放获取期刊不收取任何 APC 费用。“钻石开放获取”是定义这种非 APC 开放获取形式的术语：在钻石开放获取模型中，非营利、非商业组织、协会或网络发布以数字格式在线提供的材料，对读者和作者免费，不允许商业和营利性重复使用 [7]。对于不向作者收取 APC 费用的期刊，“白金”提供了“钻石”的替代术语。关于术语的一致性，它的优点是铂与黄金一样是金属，而且比黄金更有价值。现在使用钻石和铂金，它们的含义大致相同。然而，这将是一个新术语——青铜开放获取——本文的其余部分将重点关注。