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Influence of Powder Type on Aerosol Emissions in Powder-Binder Jetting with Emphasis on Lunar Regolith for In Situ Space Applications
ACS ES&T Engineering Pub Date : 2020-10-05 , DOI: 10.1021/acsestengg.0c00045 Austin C. Hayes 1 , Jorge Osio-Norgaard 1 , Shelly Miller 1 , Marina E. Vance 1 , Gregory L. Whiting 1
ACS ES&T Engineering Pub Date : 2020-10-05 , DOI: 10.1021/acsestengg.0c00045 Austin C. Hayes 1 , Jorge Osio-Norgaard 1 , Shelly Miller 1 , Marina E. Vance 1 , Gregory L. Whiting 1
Affiliation
Powder-binder jetting is an additive process with applications for manufacturing complex geometric structures, such as lightweighting, mold making, and in situ resource utilization (ISRU) for space applications. With this technique, a powder feedstock is spread across a bed during which aerosol may be released leading to human health implications. This study characterizes airborne powder emissions for three powders of varying particle diameters and composition: Hydroperm gypsum plaster, Lunar Highland Simulant regolith (LHS-1, a lunar soil simulant), and Zeolite 13X (a molecular sieve). Bulk powder D50 values were 22 μm for Hydroperm, 304 μm for LHS-1, and 3.85 μm for Zeolite. Total particle emission rates were (5.4 ± 0.96) × 105 min–1 for Hydroperm, (1.0 ± 0.28) × 106 min–1 for Zeolite, and (2.2 ± 0.82) × 107 min–1 for LHS-1. An emission factor was developed normalized to the volume of powder spread resulting in emission factors of 2.8 ± 0.85 min–1 mm–3 for Hydroperm, 220 ± 72 min–1 mm–3 for LHS-1, and 5.0 ± 0.24 min–1 mm–3 for Zeolite. This indicates that particle emissions from powder-binder jetting machines with a constant spreading mechanism can vary widely depending solely on powder type. In the experimental enclosure where testing took place, LHS-1 PM10 concentrations exceeded 8 h TWA PEL OSHA standards for crystalline silica by sixfold, indicating that air quality should be a strong design consideration for 3D printing for lunar ISRU. With lower gravitational settling effects, Lunar particulate concentrations 20 m away from the printer were modeled to be 330% higher than on Earth. This study suggests that powder size, morphology, and composition should be considered holistically when determining emission concerns for new powders in powder-binder jetting. This study also suggests particular attention should be paid to aerosol emissions in a Lunar environment.
中文翻译:
粉末类型对以原位空间应用为重点的月结石喷射粉末粘结剂的气溶胶排放的影响
粉末粘合剂喷射是一种增材制造工艺,可用于制造复杂的几何结构,例如轻量化,模具制造以及用于太空应用的原位资源利用(ISRU)。通过这种技术,粉末原料散布在整个床上,在此期间可能释放出气溶胶,从而对人类健康产生影响。这项研究表征了三种粒径和成分不同的粉末的空气传播粉末排放:水电石膏粉,月球高地模拟长石(LHS-1,月球土壤模拟物)和沸石13X(分子筛)。对于Hyperperm,散装粉末D 50值为22μm,对于LHS-1为304μm,对于沸石为3.85μm。总粒子发射率为(5.4±0.96)×10 5分钟–1对于Hydroperm,对于沸石(1.0±0.28)×10 6 min –1,对于LHS-1为(2.2±0.82)×10 7 min –1。的排放因子被开发标准化为粉末传播导致的2.8±0.85分钟排放因子体积-1毫米-3为Hydroperm,220±72分钟-1毫米-3为LHS-1,和5.0±0.24分钟-1 mm –3(用于沸石)。这表明具有恒定扩散机制的粉末粘合剂喷射机的颗粒物排放量可能仅根据粉末类型而有很大差异。在进行测试的实验机柜中,LHS-1 PM 10浓度超过结晶硅的TWA PEL OSHA标准的8 h六倍,这表明空气质量应作为3D打印月球ISRU的重要设计考虑因素。在较低的重力沉降作用下,距离打印机20 m的月球颗粒浓度被模拟为比地球上高330%。这项研究表明,在确定粉末粘结剂喷射中新粉末的排放问题时,应全面考虑粉末的尺寸,形态和组成。这项研究还建议应特别注意月球环境中的气溶胶排放。
更新日期:2020-10-05
中文翻译:
粉末类型对以原位空间应用为重点的月结石喷射粉末粘结剂的气溶胶排放的影响
粉末粘合剂喷射是一种增材制造工艺,可用于制造复杂的几何结构,例如轻量化,模具制造以及用于太空应用的原位资源利用(ISRU)。通过这种技术,粉末原料散布在整个床上,在此期间可能释放出气溶胶,从而对人类健康产生影响。这项研究表征了三种粒径和成分不同的粉末的空气传播粉末排放:水电石膏粉,月球高地模拟长石(LHS-1,月球土壤模拟物)和沸石13X(分子筛)。对于Hyperperm,散装粉末D 50值为22μm,对于LHS-1为304μm,对于沸石为3.85μm。总粒子发射率为(5.4±0.96)×10 5分钟–1对于Hydroperm,对于沸石(1.0±0.28)×10 6 min –1,对于LHS-1为(2.2±0.82)×10 7 min –1。的排放因子被开发标准化为粉末传播导致的2.8±0.85分钟排放因子体积-1毫米-3为Hydroperm,220±72分钟-1毫米-3为LHS-1,和5.0±0.24分钟-1 mm –3(用于沸石)。这表明具有恒定扩散机制的粉末粘合剂喷射机的颗粒物排放量可能仅根据粉末类型而有很大差异。在进行测试的实验机柜中,LHS-1 PM 10浓度超过结晶硅的TWA PEL OSHA标准的8 h六倍,这表明空气质量应作为3D打印月球ISRU的重要设计考虑因素。在较低的重力沉降作用下,距离打印机20 m的月球颗粒浓度被模拟为比地球上高330%。这项研究表明,在确定粉末粘结剂喷射中新粉末的排放问题时,应全面考虑粉末的尺寸,形态和组成。这项研究还建议应特别注意月球环境中的气溶胶排放。