This study investigated age-dependent improvements of monitoring and control in 7/8- and 9/10-year-old children. We addressed prospective (judgments of learning and restudy selections) and retrospective metacognitive skills (confidence judgments and withdrawal of answers). Children (N = 305) completed a paired-associate learning task twice, with a 1-year delay. Results revealed improvements in retrospective, but not in prospective monitoring and control. Furthermore, control remained suboptimal, seemingly a consequence of overoptimistic monitoring. Both age groups showed stronger monitoring-based control at the second compared to the first assessment. The comparison with a cross-sectional sample (N = 144) revealed that improvements in retrospective monitoring can be mainly attributed to naturally occurring development, whereas retrospective control seemed to improve due to increased task familiarity.

中文翻译：

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儿童元认知监测和控制技能的发展改善和持续困难：横断面和纵向视角

本研究调查了 7/8 岁和 9/10 岁儿童监测和控制的年龄依赖性改进。我们讨论了前瞻性（学习判断和再学习选择）和回顾性元认知技能（信心判断和答案撤回）。儿童 ( N  = 305) 完成了两次配对关联学习任务，延迟了 1 年。结果显示在回顾性方面有所改善，但在前瞻性监测和控制方面没有改善。此外，控制仍然是次优的，似乎是过度乐观监测的结果。与第一次评估相比，两个年龄组在第二次评估中都表现出更强的基于监测的控制。与横截面样品的比较（N = 144) 揭示回顾性监测的改进主要归因于自然发生的发展，而回顾性控制似乎由于任务熟悉度的增加而得到改善。