Translocation has been used to conserve imperiled fishes and create new fisheries. One species for which translocation has played a significant role is the Sacramento Perch Archoplites interruptus. Extirpated from its native range, the Sacramento Perch has been introduced throughout California and Nevada through multiple translocation events, though historical records are incomplete. Recent assessments of eight previously uncharacterized Sacramento Perch populations have prompted reevaluation of range-wide population structure to inform a genetic management plan for long-term resiliency of this species. We examined Sacramento Perch genetic diversity and population structure across the current range of the species using 12 microsatellite markers. We analyzed samples from the eight uncharacterized populations and seven populations previously studied by Schwartz and May (2008). Bayesian clustering supported two distinct clusters of Sacramento Perch herein designated as A and B. Within these two clusters we detected hierarchical substructure, likely due to genetic drift after population founding. Genetic differentiation among populations within the same cluster was relatively low (F_ST = 0.023–0.176), while differentiation among populations from different clusters was higher (F_ST = 0.190–0.320). The existence of two strongly divergent genetic clusters in Sacramento Perch suggests two distinct translocation sources, and we recommend that these clusters be treated as genetic management units (GMUs). The B GMU populations had fairly low levels of genetic diversity relative to the A GMU populations. All populations showed evidence of past bottlenecks, and most had effective population sizes placing them at risk for inbreeding depression. Human-facilitated gene flow is recommended to prevent further genetic diversity loss. Due to uncertainty surrounding Sacramento Perch translocation history and strong levels of divergence between the two GMUs, translocations should be facilitated only between populations within the same GMU.

中文翻译：

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萨克拉曼多鲈鱼中检测到的高水平基因差异表明两个不同的易位来源

易位已用于保护濒危鱼类并建立新的渔业。萨克拉曼多鲈鱼Archoplites Interruptus是其中易位的重要物种。尽管历史记录不完整，萨克拉曼多鲈鱼已从其本土范围灭绝，并通过多次易位事件在整个加利福尼亚和内华达州引入。最近对八只萨克拉曼多鲈鱼的特征进行了评估，从而促使人们重新评估范围广泛的种群结构，从而为该物种的长期适应性遗传管理计划提供了依据。我们使用12个微卫星标记检查了萨克拉曼多鲈鱼的遗传多样性和该物种当前范围内的种群结构。我们分析了来自Schwartz和May（2008）先前研究的八个未表征种群和七个种群的样本。贝叶斯聚类支持萨克拉曼多鲈鱼的两个截然不同的群集，在此称为A和B。在这两个群集中，我们检测到层次结构子结构，可能是由于种群建立后的基因漂移。同一集群内各种群之间的遗传分化相对较低（F _ST  = 0.023–0.176），而来自不同集群的人群之间的差异更高（F _ST = 0.190–0.320）。萨克拉曼多鲈鱼中存在两个高度不同的遗传簇，这表明存在两个截然不同的易位源，我们建议将这些簇视为遗传管理单位（GMU）。相对于A GMU种群，B GMU种群的遗传多样性水平较低。所有人群均显示出过去瓶颈的证据，并且大多数人群的有效种群规模使其具有近交抑郁症的风险。为了防止进一步的遗传多样性丧失，建议使用人为促进的基因流动。由于萨克拉曼多鲈鱼易位历史的不确定性和两个GMU之间的强烈分歧，仅应在同一GMU内的种群之间促进易位。