The characterization and reproduction of tyre behaviour for vehicle modelling is a topic of particular interest both for real-time driver in the loop simulations and for offline performance optimization algorithms. Since the accuracy of the tyre forces and moments can be achieved by the accurate physical modelling of all the phenomena concerning the tyre-road interaction, the link between the tyre thermal state and the tyre frictional performance turns into a crucial factor. An integrated numerical methodology, allowing to couple the full 3D CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) flux within the internal chamber of the tyre with an equivalent discrete 3D structure model, is proposed with the aim to completely represent the tyre thermodynamic convective behaviour in the steady-state operating conditions. 3D CFD model enables the evaluation of the internal distribution of the gas temperature and of the thermal powers exchanged at each sub-wall in detail. This allows to increase the reliability of the tyre thermodynamic modelling with a particular reference to the proper managing of the aero-thermal flow of the brake disc impact on the rim temperature and therefore on the internal gas dynamics in terms of temperature and pressure, being able to optimize the tyre overall dynamic performance in both warm-up and stabilized thermal conditions. The steady RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes) simulations have been performed employing the 3D CFD model in a wide range of angular velocities with the aim to calculate the convective thermal flux distributions upon rim and inner liner surfaces. The simulation results have been then exploited to derive the convective heat transfer coefficients per each sub domain to be employed within the real-time tyre physical thermal model, with the peculiar advantage of an enhanced model reliability for thermal characteristics. To validate the proposed methodology, the tyre thermal model outputs, in terms of temperatures of internal and external layers, have been validated towards the acquired ones within the specific routine performed on tyre force and moment test bench, confirming an excellent agreement with the experimental data in the entire range of operating conditions explored.

对于车辆驾驶员在环仿真中以及离线性能优化算法而言，用于车辆建模的轮胎行为的表征和再现都是特别重要的主题。由于轮胎力和力矩的精确度可以通过对涉及轮胎-道路相互作用的所有现象进行精确的物理建模来实现，因此轮胎热状态与轮胎摩擦性能之间的联系成为关键因素。提出了一种集成的数值方法，该方法允许将轮胎内部腔室内的完整3D CFD（计算流体动力学）通量与等效的离散3D结构模型耦合，目的是完整表示稳态下轮胎的热力学对流行为。状态操作条件。3D CFD模型可以详细评估气体温度的内部分布以及每个子壁处交换的热能。这可以提高轮胎热力学建模的可靠性，尤其是要适当地控制制动盘的空气热流对轮辋温度的影响，从而对内部气体动力学（在温度和压力方面）的影响，能够以优化轮胎在预热和稳定热条件下的整体动态性能。使用3D CFD模型在较宽的角速度范围内进行了稳定的RANS（雷诺平均Navier–Stokes）模拟，目的是计算轮辋和内衬表面上的对流热通量分布。然后，利用仿真结果来推导要在实时轮胎物理热模型中采用的每个子域的对流传热系数，并具有增强的热特性模型可靠性的独特优势。为了验证所提出的方法，已在轮胎力和弯矩试验台上执行的特定程序内，针对内胎层和外胎层温度对轮胎热模型输出进行了验证，以验证所获取的模型是否正确。在整个操作条件范围内进行了探索。