An ever-increasing volume of saline effluents from industries, oil–gas fields, and desalination plants has resulted in an enormous amount of pollutants with undesirable effects on the environment and human health. Adequate disposal and treatment of these effluents remains a persistent problem and poses significant technical as well as economic challenges. Saline effluents can have considerable environmental impacts, depending upon the sensitivity of the surrounding ecosystems. Conventional disposal techniques mostly suffer from direct or indirect contamination of water/soil and are no longer preferred. As a result, several advanced treatment methods are being considered for sustainable saline effluent management in recent times. In this context, a comprehensive and updated review of conventional methods, along with emerging technologies for disposal and treatment of saline effluent, is presented. Existing treatment approaches, including membrane operation, thermal processes, chemical techniques, and biological methods, are discussed. The application of innovative hybrid processes (combining two or more treatment methods) aiming at lower energy demand and higher treatment efficiency has also been evaluated. Subsequently, emerging sustainable strategies like waste minimization and water recovery, zero liquid discharge, and resource recovery for saline effluents have been examined. The prospect of integrating the renewable energy sources with energy-intensive saline treatment methods towards energy–water–environment nexus is also explored.

来自工业，油气田和海水淡化厂的盐水排放量不断增加，导致产生大量污染物，对环境和人类健康产生不良影响。这些废水的充分处理和处置仍然是一个持续存在的问题，并带来了重大的技术和经济挑战。根据周围生态系统的敏感性，盐类废水会对环境产生重大影响。常规处理技术大多遭受水/土壤的直接或间接污染，因此不再是优选的。结果，近来正在考虑几种先进的处理方法以可持续地管理盐水排放。在这种情况下，对常规方法进行了全面，最新的回顾，介绍了新兴的用于处理和处理盐水的技术。讨论了现有的处理方法，包括膜操作，热处理，化学技术和生物学方法。还评估了旨在降低能源需求和提高处理效率的创新混合工艺（结合两种或更多种处理方法）的应用。随后，已经研究了新兴的可持续策略，如废物最少化和水回收，零液体排放以及盐类废水的资源回收。还探讨了将可再生能源与高耗能盐处理方法整合为能源-水-环境纽带的前景。讨论了热过程，化学技术和生物学方法。还评估了旨在降低能源需求和提高处理效率的创新混合工艺（结合两种或更多种处理方法）的应用。随后，已经研究了新兴的可持续策略，如废物最少化和水回收，零液体排放以及盐类废水的资源回收。还探讨了将可再生能源与高耗能盐处理方法整合为能源-水-环境纽带的前景。讨论了热过程，化学技术和生物学方法。还评估了旨在降低能源需求和提高处理效率的创新混合工艺（结合两种或更多种处理方法）的应用。随后，已经研究了新兴的可持续策略，如废物最少化和水回收，零液体排放以及盐类废水的资源回收。还探讨了将可再生能源与高耗能盐处理方法整合为能源-水-环境纽带的前景。已经研究了新兴的可持续战略，如废物最少化和水回收，零液体排放以及盐类废水的资源回收。还探讨了将可再生能源与高耗能盐处理方法整合为能源-水-环境纽带的前景。已经研究了新兴的可持续战略，如废物最少化和水回收，零液体排放以及盐类废水的资源回收。还探讨了将可再生能源与高耗能盐处理方法整合为能源-水-环境纽带的前景。