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Season-dependent variability and influential environmental factors of super-typhoons in the Northwest Pacific basin during 2013–2017
Weather and Climate Extremes ( IF 8 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.wace.2021.100307
Ravi Shankar Pandey , Yuei-An Liou , Ji-Chyun Liu

This paper investigates season-dependent variability and environment-dependent distributions of all 30 super-typhoons (STYs) that occurred in the Northwest Pacific (NWP) basin over 2013–2017. The increasing strength of typhoons (TYs) in the basin in recent years, especially in the winter season, is a big matter of concern for meteorological scientists as the basin already possesses a maximum frequency of TYs every year on the globe. The paper aims to mitigate the impacts of STYs in the study region by enhancing the understanding of their seasonal nature. The incorporation of remote sensing imaginary and wind vector images created using U and V wind component data, successfully identify a dominant and crucial role of southwest air flow and northwest cold air mass in intensifying STYs in summer and winter seasons, respectively. The majority of winter STYs are also partially assisted by southwest air flows and, thus, exhibit higher intensities than summer STYs in general. For the season-dependent variability approach, both lower latitude westward tracks and higher latitude recurvature tracks are depicted within the certain zones for summer and winter STYs, respectively. Meanwhile, both turning points and super-typhoon stage points of both kinds of tracks are of crucial importance to help us understand the environmental zonal components responsible in changing the STYs’ direction and strength. The latitudinal and longitudinal borderline depicted the positions of turning points and super-typhoon stage points from where a TY is prone to take a turn or become a STY. The summer-season super-typhoons have a normal distribution of the higher latitude recurvature tracks. The winter-season super-typhoons have a normal distribution of the lower latitude westward tracks. The summer-season super-typhoons exhibit a higher degree of coincidence than winter-season super-typhoons. For environment-dependent distribution approach, super-typhoons accompanied by southwestern air flows, TC/TS and southwestern air flows, southwestern air flow and cooler air mass, TC, southwestern air flow and cooler air mass, and cooler air masses, are discussed and analyzed respectively. When super-typhoons, accompanied by southwestern air flows or both southwestern air flow and cooler air mass, exhibit a higher degree of coincidence than the other three situations of the accompanied effects. When the TC and TS exist in the environment of super-typhoons, and only accompanied by cooler air masses, the degree of coincidence shall be lower down. A systematic typhoon forecasting procedure with five steps is applied for effective prediction. It is observed that the Siberian-Mongolian High (SMH) originated cold air masses push the genesis positions of winter STYs more down in latitude than summer STYs, which cause not only a big genesis angle, but also a big turning angle on average in winter STYs in the NWP. These results are of crucial importance to investigate the relationship between STYs and their season-dependent environmental factors to mitigate their risk in the region.



中文翻译:

2013-2017年西北太平洋盆地超台风的季节变化及其影响环境因素

本文调查了2013–2017年在西北太平洋(NWP)流域发生的全部30个超级台风(STY)的季节相关变异性和环境相关分布。近年来,特别是在冬季,盆地中台风(TY)的强度不断增加,这是气象科学家关注的一大问题,因为全球每年该盆地已经拥有最多的TYs频率。本文旨在通过加深对STY季节性特征的了解来减轻STY在研究区域的影响。结合使用U和V风分量数据创建的遥感假想和风矢量图像,分别成功地确定了西南气流和西北冷气团分别在夏季和冬季增强STY的主导作用和关键作用。大部分冬季STYs还部分地受到西南气流的辅助,因此总体上比夏季STYs强度更高。对于与季节有关的变异性方法,分别在夏季和冬季STY的某些区域内描绘了低纬度西移轨迹和高纬度曲率轨迹。同时,两条轨道的转折点和超台风阶段点都至关重要,有助于我们了解负责改变STY方向和强度的环境区域成分。横向和纵向边界线描绘了TY易于转弯或成为STY的转折点和超台风阶段点的位置。夏季超台风具有较高纬度曲率轨道的正态分布。冬季超台风的低纬度西风道呈正态分布。夏季超级台风比冬季超级台风具有更高的重合度。对于与环境有关的分配方法,讨论了超级台风以及西南气流,TC / TS和西南气流,西南气流和凉风量,TC,西南气流和凉风量以及凉风量,并分别进行分析。当超级台风伴有西南气流或西南气流和较冷的空气同时出现时,其相伴程度要比其他三种伴生情况高。当TC和TS存在于超台风环境中,且仅伴有较冷的空气团时,重合度应降低。系统的台风预报程序分为五个步骤,以进行有效的预报。可以看出,起源于西伯利亚-蒙古高原的冷气团比冬季STY在冬季纬向推动冬季STY的成因位置下降,这不仅造成了较大的成因角,而且平均造成了冬季的大转向角。 NWP中的STY。这些结果对于研究STY及其季节相关的环境因素之间的关系,以减轻其在该地区的风险至关重要。但在NWP中,冬季STY的平均转向角也较大。这些结果对于研究STY及其季节相关的环境因素之间的关系,以减轻其在该地区的风险至关重要。但在NWP中,冬季STY的平均转向角也较大。这些结果对于研究STY及其季节相关的环境因素之间的关系,以减轻其在该地区的风险至关重要。

更新日期:2021-02-11
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