Background

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental contaminants that are hepatotoxic and immunotoxic. PAH exposure may modulate hepatitis B immunology.

Objective

We used data from 6 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003–2014) to evaluate the associations between urinary PAH metabolites and hepatitis B serology.

Methods

This analysis included individuals who self-reported receiving ≥3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine and urinary PAH metabolites (i.e. 1-napthol, 2-napthol, 3-fluorene, 2-fluorene, 1-phenanthrene, 1-pyrene, and total PAH [sum of all metabolites]). Separate logistic regression models assessed the association between hepatitis B vaccination status (i.e. individuals who were immune due to vaccination or susceptible) and tertiles of urinary PAH. Models were adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, survey cycle, family income to poverty ratio, BMI, country of birth, serum cotinine, and urinary creatinine.

Results

Among participants who reported receiving ≥3 doses of vaccine and had no antibodies indicating a history of hepatitis B infection and/or current hepatitis B infection, dose-response relationships were observed where individuals with the lowest odds of serology indicating a response to the hepatitis B vaccine (i.e., anti-HBs⁺, anti-HBc^-, and HBsAg⁻) were in the highest tertile of 2-Napthol (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR]: 0.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.54, 0.91), 3-Napthol (aOR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.53, 0.87), 2-Fluorene (aOR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.54, 0.86), 1-Phenanthrene (aOR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.65, 0.97), 1-Pyrene (aOR): 0.68, 95% CI: 0.55, 0.83), and total PAH (aOR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.56, 0.95) had the compared to the lowest tertile.

Conclusion

This cross-sectional study supports a hypothesis that PAH exposures experienced by the general US population may modulate hepatitis B vaccine induced immunity. Given the ubiquity of PAH exposures in the US, additional research is warranted to explore the effects of chronic PAH exposures on hepatitis B related humoral immunity.

中文翻译：

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美国的尿多环芳烃浓度和乙型肝炎抗体血清学（NHANES，2003-2014）

背景

多环芳烃 (PAH) 是具有肝毒性和免疫毒性的环境污染物。PAH 暴露可能会调节乙型肝炎的免疫学。

客观的

我们使用来自全国健康和营养检查调查（2003-2014 年）的 6 个周期的数据来评估尿 PAH 代谢物与乙型肝炎血清学之间的关联。

方法

该分析包括自我报告接受≥3 剂乙型肝炎疫苗和尿 PAH 代谢物（即 1-萘酚、2-萘酚、3-芴、2-芴、1-菲、1-芘和总 PAH）的个体。所有代谢物的总和]）。单独的逻辑回归模型评估了乙型肝炎疫苗接种状态（即因接种疫苗而免疫或易感的个体）与尿多环芳烃三分位数之间的关联。模型针对年龄、性别、种族/民族、调查周期、家庭收入与贫困比率、BMI、出生国家、血清可替宁和尿肌酐进行了调整。

结果

在报告接受≥3 剂疫苗且没有抗体表明有乙型肝炎感染史和/或当前乙型肝炎感染的参与者中，观察到剂量-反应关系，其中血清学结果表明对乙型肝炎有反应的可能性最低的个体疫苗（即抗-HBs ⁺、抗-HBc ^-和 HBsAg ^-）在 2-萘酚的最高三分位数中（调整优势比 [aOR]: 0.70, 95% 置信区间 [CI]: 0.54, 0.91）， 3-萘酚 (aOR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.53, 0.87), 2-芴 (aOR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.54, 0.86), 1-菲 (aOR: 0.79, 95% CI: 0.65, 0.97) , 1-芘 (aOR): 0.68, 95% CI: 0.55, 0.83) 和总 PAH (aOR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.56, 0.95) 与最低三分位数相比。

结论

这项横断面研究支持一个假设，即美国普通人群所经历的 PAH 暴露可能会调节乙型肝炎疫苗诱导的免疫。鉴于美国普遍存在 PAH 暴露，有必要进行更多研究来探索慢性 PAH 暴露对乙型肝炎相关体液免疫的影响。