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The warning stimulus as retrieval cue: The role of associative memory in temporal preparation
Cognitive Psychology ( IF 2.6 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-29 , DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2021.101378
Sander A Los 1 , Jurre Nieuwenstein 1 , Anass Bouharab 1 , David J Stephens 1 , Martijn Meeter 1 , Wouter Kruijne 2
Affiliation  

In a warned reaction time task, the warning stimulus (S1) initiates a process of temporal preparation, which promotes a speeded response to the impending target stimulus (S2). According to the multiple trace theory of temporal preparation (MTP), participants learn the timing of S2 by storing a memory trace on each trial, which contains a temporal profile of the events on that trial. On each new trial, S1 serves as a retrieval cue that implicitly and associatively activates memory traces created on earlier trials, which jointly drive temporal preparation for S2. The idea that S1 assumes this role as a retrieval cue was tested across eight experiments, in which two different S1s were associated with two different distributions of S1-S2 intervals: one with predominantly short and one with predominantly long intervals. Experiments differed regarding the S1 features that made up a pair, ranging from highly distinct (e.g., tone and flash) to more similar (e.g., red and green flash) and verbal (i.e., “short” vs “long”). Exclusively for pairs of highly distinct S1s, the results showed that the S1 cue modified temporal preparation, even in participants who showed no awareness of the contingency. This cueing effect persisted in a subsequent transfer phase, in which the contingency between S1 and the timing of S2 was broken – a fact participants were informed of in advance. Together, these findings support the role of S1 as an implicit retrieval cue, consistent with MTP.



中文翻译:

作为检索线索的警告刺激:联想记忆在时间准备中的作用

在警告反应时间任务中,警告刺激 (S1) 启动时间准备过程,从而促进对即将到来的目标刺激 (S2) 的快速反应。根据时间准备 (MTP) 的多重轨迹理论,参与者通过存储每次试验的记忆轨迹来了解 S2 的时间,其中包含该试验中事件的时间概况。在每次新试验中,S1 作为检索线索,隐含地和关联地激活在早期试验中创建的记忆痕迹,共同驱动 S2 的时间准备。S1 承担这一角色作为检索线索的想法在八个实验中得到了测试,其中两个不同的 S1 与 S1-S2 间隔的两种不同分布相关联:一个主要是短间隔,一个主要是长间隔。关于组成一对的 S1 特征,实验有所不同,从高度不同(例如,语气和闪光)到更相似(例如,红色和绿色闪光)和语言(即“短”与“长”)。专门针对高度不同的 S1 对,结果显示 S1 提示修改了时间准备,即使在没有表现出意外事件意识的参与者中也是如此。这种提示效应在随后的转移阶段持续存在,其中 S1 和 S2 时间之间的偶然性被打破——这一事实参与者被提前通知。总之,这些发现支持 S1 作为隐式检索线索的作用,与 MTP 一致。专门针对高度不同的 S1 对,结果显示 S1 提示修改了时间准备,即使在没有表现出意外事件意识的参与者中也是如此。这种提示效应在随后的转移阶段持续存在,其中 S1 和 S2 时间之间的偶然性被打破——这一事实参与者被提前通知。总之,这些发现支持 S1 作为隐式检索线索的作用,与 MTP 一致。专门针对高度不同的 S1 对,结果显示 S1 提示修改了时间准备,即使在没有表现出意外事件意识的参与者中也是如此。这种提示效应在随后的转移阶段持续存在,其中 S1 和 S2 时间之间的偶然性被打破——这一事实参与者被提前通知。总之,这些发现支持 S1 作为隐式检索线索的作用,与 MTP 一致。

更新日期:2021-02-01
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