This study combined an empirically based simulation with an analysis of the trade-off between structural heterogeneity and stand productivity depending on time, spatial scale, and silvicultural management, whereas volume growth and tree species diversity have been examined in detail, the role of forest structure and its interdependencies with stand productivity has only lately become a stronger research focus. We used the growth simulator SILVA to examine the development of stand structural heterogeneity and its trade-off with stand productivity in age-class versus uneven-aged pure and mixed spruce and beech stands at different spatial scales over 100 years. Those stands were based on typical forest types in Bavaria and were representative of forests in Central Europe. We examined how stand structure and its trade-off with productivity were modified by a multifunctional, a production-oriented, and a set-aside management scenario. The production-oriented management scenario applied to uneven-aged stands led to a reduction in structural heterogeneity per unit of productivity over time. In age-class stands, the production-oriented scenario was able to maintain the initial structural heterogeneity. The structural heterogeneity per unit of productivity increased more strongly with increasing spatial scale in age-class stands compared to uneven-aged stands. Combining forest stand simulation with scenario analyses is an exemplary method for testing the effect of silvicultural management alternatives on forest structure. This approach can later be connected to climate models considering long-term changes in growing conditions and support the planning of multifunctional forests.

这项研究结合了基于经验的模拟，并根据时间，空间规模和营林管理对结构异质性和林分生产力之间的权衡进行了分析，而详细研究了体积增长和树木物种多样性，森林结构的作用它与林分生产率的相互依赖关系最近才成为研究的重点。我们使用生长模拟器SILVA检验了100年内不同空间尺度上的林分结构异质性的发展及其在年龄等级与不成熟年龄的纯云杉和混合云杉及山毛榉林中林分生产力之间的权衡。这些林分以巴伐利亚的典型森林类型为基础，是中欧森林的代表。我们研究了如何通过多功能，以生产为导向和预留的管理方案来修改展位结构及其在生产率上的权衡。应用于年龄不均衡的看台的面向生产的管理方案导致单位生产率的结构异质性随着时间的推移而降低。在高年级展位上，以生产为导向的方案能够保持最初的结构异质性。与年龄不均的林分相比，年龄级林分的空间尺度越大，单位生产力的结构异质性就越强烈。将林分模拟与情景分析相结合是一种测试造林管理替代方案对森林结构影响的示例性方法。