Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of surface stiffness on multisegment foot kinematics and temporal parameters during running. Methods. Eighteen male subjects ran on three different surfaces (i.e., concrete, artificial grass, and rubber) in both heeled running shoes (HS) and minimal running shoes (MS). Both these shoes had dissimilar sole profiles. The heeled shoes had a higher sole at the heel, a thick base, and arch support, whereas the minimal shoes had a flat base sole. Indeed, the studied biomechanical parameters responded differently in the different footwear during running. Subjects ran in recreational mode speed while 3D foot kinematics (i.e., joint rotation and peak medial longitudinal arch (MLA) angle) were determined using a motion capture system (Qualysis, Gothenburg, Sweden). Information on stance time and plantar fascia strain (PFS) was also collected. Results. Running on different surface stiffness was found to significantly affect the peak MLA angles and stance times for both HS and MS conditions. However, the results showed that the joint rotation angles were not sensitive to surface stiffness. Also, PFS showed no relationship with surface stiffness, as the results were varied as the surface stiffness was changed. Conclusion. The surface stiffness significantly contributed towards the effects of peak MLA angle and stance time. These findings may enhance the understanding of biomechanical responses on various running surfaces stiffness in different shoe conditions.

中文翻译：

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不同穿鞋条件下跑步表面刚度对三段足部运动学响应的影响

客观。本研究的目的是研究表面刚度对跑步过程中多节足运动学和时间参数的影响。方法. 十八名男性受试者穿着有跟跑鞋 (HS) 和最小跑鞋 (MS) 在三种不同的表面（即混凝土、人造草和橡胶）上奔跑。这两款鞋的鞋底轮廓不同。高跟鞋在后跟处具有较高的鞋底、厚底和足弓支撑，而最小鞋底具有平底鞋底。事实上，研究的生物力学参数在跑步过程中对不同鞋类的反应不同。受试者以休闲模式速度跑步，同时使用运动捕捉系统（Qualysis，Gothenburg，Sweden）确定 3D 足部运动学（即关节旋转和峰值内侧纵弓 (MLA) 角度）。还收集了有关站立时间和足底筋膜应变 (PFS) 的信息。结果. 发现在不同的表面刚度上运行会显着影响 HS 和 MS 条件下的峰值 MLA 角度和站立时间。然而，结果表明关节旋转角度对表面刚度不敏感。此外，PFS 与表面刚度没有关系，因为结果随着表面刚度的变化而变化。结论。表面刚度显着有助于峰值 MLA 角度和站立时间的影响。这些发现可能会增强对不同鞋子条件下各种跑步表面刚度的生物力学响应的理解。