Background

Volcanic activity alters earth surfaces creating environments where new ecosystems can be established. Just some plants are able to colonize this kind of environment. Low availability of nitrogen and phosphorus have been widely considered to restrict plant colonization on volcanic deposits worldwide. Root adaptations such as associations with mycorrhizal fungi, associations with nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, and root structures specialized to exude carboxylates, comprise mechanisms plants use to grow on low nutrient availability conditions, such as volcanic ash or tephra.

Scope

Most of the studies carried out on volcanic deposit colonizing plants have been focused on aboveground features such as plant survival, growth, and plant-plant interactions. Belowground processes, involving root activity and the rhizosphere, have been less studied. Plants that colonize different volcanically affected areas in the world, the effect on microorganisms associated mainly with the rhizosphere of these plants, microbe-microbe and microbe-plant interactions are reviewed here.

Conclusions

Plant-to-plant interactions, involving the different kind of roots adaptations, may be complementary to facilitate each other and positively influence the ecosystem recovery of volcanic deposits. At rhizosphere level, particular microbial communities can be recruited with specific beneficial functions (nitrogen-fixing, plant promoting growth, etc.) that improve soil development and plant colonization of volcanic deposits. New aspects such as the ability of mycorrhizal fungi to recruit bacteria able to solubilize phosphorus, and the presence of endophytes and their role in promoting the growth of early plant colonizers of volcanic are also discussed.

中文翻译：

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植物在火山沉积物上的定植：根的适应及其对根际微生物的影响

背景

火山活动改变了地球表面，创造了可以建立新生态系统的环境。只有一些植物能够在这种环境中定殖。氮和磷的低利用率已被广泛认为限制了全世界火山沉积物上植物的定殖。根的适应性，例如与菌根真菌的结合，与固氮微生物的结合以及专门散发羧酸盐的根结构，包括植物用于在低养分利用率条件下生长的机制，例如火山灰或特发拉。

范围

在火山沉积定殖植物上进行的大多数研究都集中于地上特征，例如植物存活，生长和植物与植物的相互作用。涉及根活动和根际的地下过程研究较少。本文回顾了在世界各地受火山影响的地区定殖的植物，这些微生物对主要与这些植物的根际相关的微生物，微生物与微生物以及微生物与植物之间的相互作用的影响。

结论

涉及不同种类根系适应的植物间相互作用可能是互补的，以相互促进，并积极影响火山岩沉积物的生态系统恢复。在根际水平上，可以招募具有特定有益功能（固氮，促进植物生长等）的特定微生物群落，这些功能可以改善土壤发育和火山沉积物的植物定殖。还讨论了新的方面，例如菌根真菌募集能够溶解磷的细菌的能力，内生菌的存在及其在促进火山早期植物定居者生长中的作用。