In this paper I will argue that there is an inductive and a non-inductive argument from position to know, and will characterise the latter as an argument from (epistemic) authority because of providing content-independent reasons. I will also argue that both types of argument should be doubt-preserving: testimony cannot justify a stronger cognitive attitude in the arguer than the expert herself expresses when she testifies. Failure to appreciate this point undercuts Mizrahi’s (2013) claim that arguments from expert opinion are weak.

中文翻译：

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从立场到认识的两种论证

在本文中，我将论证从位置到知识存在归纳论证和非归纳论证，并将后者描述为来自（认知）权威的论证，因为提供了与内容无关的理由。我还将论证这两种类型的论证都应该是保留怀疑的：证词不能证明论证者的认知态度比专家自己在作证时表达的更强烈。未能理解这一点削弱了 Mizrahi (2013) 关于专家意见的论点薄弱的说法。