Seismic anisotropy of the upper mantle beneath the northwest Himalaya and eastern part of the Ladakh-Karakoram zone has been investigated using shear-wave splitting of core-mantle refracted SKS waveforms from 94 teleseismic earthquakes recorded at 28 broadband seismic stations. The SKS splitting parameters (Φ and δt) show a significant strength of anisotropy with a wide range of delay time of split waves (∼0.75−2.94 s). The distinct variations in Fast Polarization Directions (FPDs) along the study section suggest a complex source of anisotropy that cannot be explained by a simple model. In the frontal part of the Himalaya, the FPDs are mostly parallel or sub-parallel to the strike of the Himalayan orogeny suggesting deformation in the shallow lithospheric mantle under compression owing to the India-Asia collision. On the other hand, FPDs observed in the Lesser, Higher, and Tethyan Himalaya largely follow NE-oriented absolute plate motion (APM) of the Indian plate which can be attributed to basal shear as the Indian plate moves over the asthenospheric mantle with a minor contribution from shallow lithospheric deformation. A complex anisotropy pattern is observed in the Indus Suture Zone. The FPDs near the Karakoram Fault Zone (KFZ) are parallel or sub-parallel to the strike of the KF. The strike-slip or transpressional deformation in the lithospheric mantle in the KFZ is considered as the major source of anisotropy beneath the KFZ. The study envisaged that the KF is a lithospheric scale fault that largely accommodates the India-Asia collision and extrusion in the Tibetan Plateau.

利用喜马拉雅山西北部和拉达克-卡拉科拉姆地区东部下部的上地幔的各向异性，利用28个宽带地震台站记录的94次远震的岩心-地幔折射SKS波形的横波分裂进行了研究。的SKS分裂参数（Φ和δ吨）显示出显着的各向异性强度，并且分裂波的延迟时间范围很广（〜0.75-2.94 s）。沿研究部分的快速极化方向（FPD）的明显变化表明，各向异性的复杂来源无法用简单的模型来解释。在喜马拉雅山的前部，FPD大多与喜马拉雅造山带的走向平行或近乎平行，这表明由于印度-亚洲碰撞，浅岩石圈地幔在压缩作用下发生了变形。另一方面，在小，高和特提斯喜马拉雅山观测到的FPD很大程度上遵循印度洋板块的NE定向绝对板块运动（APM），这可以归因于印度板块在软流圈地幔上移动并伴有轻微的基底剪切作用。浅层岩石圈变形的贡献。在印度河缝合带中观察到复杂的各向异性模式。喀喇昆仑断裂带（KFZ）附近的FPD与KF走向平行或次平行。KFZ岩石圈地幔的走滑或超压变形被认为是KFZ下方各向异性的主要来源。研究设想，肯尼迪断层是岩石圈尺度的断层，在很大程度上容纳了青藏高原的印度－亚洲碰撞和挤压。