Sensing and responding to changes in nutrient levels, including those of glucose, lipids, and amino acids, by the body is necessary for survival. Accordingly, perturbations in nutrient sensing are tightly linked with human pathologies, particularly metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and other complications of metabolic syndromes. The conventional view is that amino acids are fundamental elements for protein and peptide synthesis, while recent studies have revealed that amino acids are also important bioactive molecules that play key roles in signaling pathways and metabolic regulation. Different pathways that sense intracellular and extracellular levels of amino acids are integrated and coordinated at the organismal level, and, together, these pathways maintain whole metabolic homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the studies describing how important sensing signals respond to amino acid availability and how these sensing mechanisms modulate metabolic processes, including energy, glucose, and lipid metabolism. We further discuss whether dysregulation of amino acid sensing signals can be targeted to promote metabolic disorders, and discuss how to translate these mechanisms to treat human diseases. This review will help to enhance our overall understanding of the correlation between amino acid sensing and metabolic homeostasis, which have important implications for human health.

中文翻译：

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代谢稳态和健康中的氨基酸传感

身体感知和响应营养水平的变化，包括葡萄糖、脂质和氨基酸的变化，是生存所必需的。因此，营养感应的扰动与人类病理密切相关，特别是代谢疾病，如肥胖、2 型糖尿病和代谢综合征的其他并发症。传统观点认为氨基酸是蛋白质和肽合成的基本元素，而最近的研究表明，氨基酸也是重要的生物活性分子，在信号通路和代谢调节中起关键作用。感知细胞内和细胞外氨基酸水平的不同途径在有机体水平上整合和协调，并且这些途径共同维持整个代谢稳态。在本次审查中，我们讨论了描述重要传感信号如何响应氨基酸可用性以及这些传感机制如何调节代谢过程（包括能量、葡萄糖和脂质代谢）的研究。我们进一步讨论了氨基酸传感信号的失调是否可以针对促进代谢紊乱，并讨论如何将这些机制转化为治疗人类疾病。这篇综述将有助于增强我们对氨基酸感知与代谢稳态之间相关性的整体理解，这对人类健康具有重要意义。我们进一步讨论了氨基酸传感信号的失调是否可以针对促进代谢紊乱，并讨论如何将这些机制转化为治疗人类疾病。这篇综述将有助于增强我们对氨基酸感知与代谢稳态之间相关性的整体理解，这对人类健康具有重要意义。我们进一步讨论了氨基酸传感信号的失调是否可以针对促进代谢紊乱，并讨论如何将这些机制转化为治疗人类疾病。这篇综述将有助于增强我们对氨基酸感知与代谢稳态之间相关性的整体理解，这对人类健康具有重要意义。