Abstract

The demand for caviar has increased in recent years because of its high nutritional and commercial values. Consequently, the wild population of sturgeon has decreased. This has shifted the balance of supply of caviar from wild sturgeon to more from farmed fish. The development of aquaculture has resulted in many technical advances of sturgeon rearing. The same factors that encouraged sturgeon farming have also stimulated the search for alternative products optimizing wild-sourced caviar utilization and even created some new market opportunities. Caviar substitutes have been obtained from at least 38 fish species (other than sturgeon) and aquatic animals, e.g., sea urchin, sea cucumber and snails. Although, the emergence of products has not always been positive, as the sturgeon caviar market has been impacted by commercial mimicry, fraud, and mislabeling of caviar-substitutes. This review provides information about the global production and trade of sturgeon, caviar, and caviar substitutes. In addition, the physics, gastronomy, and the quality changes of caviar and caviar substitutes during different fish-harvesting steps are discussed. Moreover, information about commercial mimicry, fraud, and new methods to detect these criminal acts are considered.

摘要

由于鱼子酱的高营养和商业价值，近年来对鱼子酱的需求有所增加。因此，鲟鱼的野生种群减少了。这使得鱼子酱的供应平衡从野生鲟鱼转向养殖鱼类。水产养殖的发展导致鲟鱼养殖的许多技术进步。鼓励鲟鱼养殖的相同因素也刺激了对优化野生鱼子酱利用的替代产品的寻找，甚至创造了一些新的市场机会。已从至少 38 种鱼类（鲟鱼除外）和水生动物（例如海胆、海参和蜗牛）中获得鱼子酱替代品。尽管产品的出现并不总是积极的，因为鲟鱼鱼子酱市场受到商业模仿、欺诈、和错误标记鱼子酱替代品。本综述提供了有关鲟鱼、鱼子酱和鱼子酱替代品的全球生产和贸易的信息。此外，还讨论了鱼子酱和鱼子酱替代品在不同捕捞步骤中的物理、美食和质量变化。此外，还考虑了有关商业模仿、欺诈和检测这些犯罪行为的新方法的信息。