The evolution of insecticide resistance is generally thought to be associated with a fitness cost in the absence of insecticide exposure. However, it is not clear how these fitness costs manifest or how universal this phenomenon is. To investigate this, we conducted a literature review of publications that studied fitness costs of insecticide resistance, selected papers that met our criteria for scientific rigor, and analyzed each class of insecticides separately as well as in aggregate. The more than 170 publications on fitness costs of insecticide resistance show that in 60% of the experiments there is a cost to having resistance, particularly for measurements of reversion of resistance and reproduction. There were differences between classes of insecticides, with fitness costs seen less commonly for organochlorines. There was considerable variation in the experiments performed. We suggest that future papers will have maximum value to the community if they quantitatively determine resistance levels, identify the resistance mechanisms present (and the associated mutations), have replicated experiments, use related strains (optimally congenic with the resistance mutation introgressed into different genetic backgrounds) and measure fitness by multiple metrics. Studies on the fitness costs of insecticide resistance will continue to enlighten our understanding of the evolutionary process and provide valuable information for resistance management. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry

中文翻译：

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杀虫剂抗性菌株的适应性研究：经验教训和未来方向

在没有杀虫剂暴露的情况下，杀虫剂抗性的演变通常被认为与适应成本有关。然而，目前尚不清楚这些健身成本如何体现或这种现象有多普遍。为了对此进行调查，我们对研究杀虫剂抗性的适应性成本的出版物进行了文献回顾，选择了符合我们科学严谨性标准的论文，并对每一类杀虫剂进行了单独和汇总分析。超过 170 篇关于杀虫剂抗性的适应成本的出版物表明，在 60% 的实验中，具有抗性是有代价的，特别是对于抗性逆转和繁殖的测量。不同类别的杀虫剂存在差异，有机氯的适应成本较低。所进行的实验存在相当大的差异。我们建议，如果未来的论文定量确定抗性水平，确定存在的抗性机制（和相关突变），重复实验，使用相关菌株（与渗入不同遗传背景的抗性突变最佳同源），那么未来的论文将对社区具有最大价值) 并通过多个指标衡量适应度。对杀虫剂抗性的适应成本的研究将继续启发我们对进化过程的理解，并为抗性管理提供有价值的信息。© 2021 化学工业协会 确定存在的抗性机制（和相关的突变），重复实验，使用相关菌株（与渗入不同遗传背景的抗性突变具有最佳同源性）并通过多种指标衡量适合度。对杀虫剂抗性的适应成本的研究将继续启发我们对进化过程的理解，并为抗性管理提供有价值的信息。© 2021 化学工业协会 确定存在的抗性机制（和相关的突变），重复实验，使用相关菌株（与渗入不同遗传背景的抗性突变具有最佳同源性）并通过多种指标衡量适合度。对杀虫剂抗性的适应成本的研究将继续启发我们对进化过程的理解，并为抗性管理提供有价值的信息。© 2021 化学工业协会 对杀虫剂抗性的适应成本的研究将继续启发我们对进化过程的理解，并为抗性管理提供有价值的信息。© 2021 化学工业协会 对杀虫剂抗性的适应成本的研究将继续启发我们对进化过程的理解，并为抗性管理提供有价值的信息。© 2021 化学工业协会