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A discordance of seasonally covarying cues uncovers misregulated phenotypes in the heterophyllous pitcher plant Cephalotus follicularis
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences ( IF 4.7 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-27 , DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2568
Kenji Fukushima 1, 2, 3 , Hideki Narukawa 1 , Gergo Palfalvi 1, 2 , Mitsuyasu Hasebe 1, 2
Affiliation  

Organisms withstand normal ranges of environmental fluctuations by producing a set of phenotypes genetically programmed as a reaction norm; however, extreme conditions can expose a misregulation of phenotypes called a hidden reaction norm. Although an environment consists of multiple factors, how combinations of these factors influence a reaction norm is not well understood. To elucidate the combinatorial effects of environmental factors, we studied the leaf shape plasticity of the carnivorous pitcher plant Cephalotus follicularis. Clonally propagated plants were subjected to 12-week-long growth experiments in different conditions controlled by growth chambers. Here, we show that the dimorphic response of forming a photosynthetic flat leaf or an insect-trapping pitcher leaf is regulated by two covarying environmental cues: temperature and photoperiod. Even within the normal ranges of temperature and photoperiod, unusual combinations of the two induced the production of malformed leaves that were rarely observed under the environmentally typical combinations. We identified such cases in combinations of a summer temperature with a short-to-neutral day length, whose average frequency in the natural Cephalotus habitats corresponded to a once-in-a-lifetime event for this perennial species. Our results suggest that even if individual cues are within the range of natural fluctuations, a hidden reaction norm can be exposed under their discordant combinations. We anticipate that climate change may challenge organismal responses through not only extreme cues but also through uncommon combinations of benign cues.

中文翻译:

季节性共变线索的不一致揭示了异叶猪笼草 Cephalotus follicularis 中失调的表型

生物体通过产生一组基因编程为反应规范的表型来承受正常范围的环境波动;然而,极端条件会暴露表型的错误调节,称为隐藏反应规范。尽管环境由多种因素组成,但这些因素的组合如何影响反应规范尚不清楚。为了阐明环境因素的组合效应,我们研究了肉食性猪笼草 Cephalotus follicularis 的叶形可塑性。无性繁殖植物在生长室控制的不同条件下进行为期 12 周的生长实验。在这里,我们表明形成光合扁平叶或捕虫笼叶的双态反应受两个共变环境线索的调节:温度和光周期。即使在正常的温度和光周期范围内,两者的不寻常组合也会引起畸形叶片的产生,而这在环境典型组合下很少观察到。我们在夏季温度与短到中性日长的组合中确定了这种情况,其在天然 Cephalotus 栖息地中的平均频率对应于这种多年生物种一生一次的事件。我们的结果表明,即使个别线索在自然波动的范​​围内,隐藏的反应规范也可能在其不一致的组合下暴露出来。我们预计气候变化不仅会通过极端线索,还会通过不常见的良性线索组合来挑战生物体的反应。两者的不寻常组合导致了在环境典型组合下很少观察到的畸形叶子的产生。我们在夏季温度与短到中性日长的组合中确定了这种情况,其在天然 Cephalotus 栖息地中的平均频率对应于这种多年生物种一生一次的事件。我们的结果表明,即使个别线索在自然波动的范​​围内,隐藏的反应规范也可能在其不一致的组合下暴露出来。我们预计气候变化不仅会通过极端线索,还会通过不常见的良性线索组合来挑战生物体的反应。两者的不寻常组合导致了在环境典型组合下很少观察到的畸形叶子的产生。我们在夏季温度与短到中性日长的组合中确定了这种情况,其在天然 Cephalotus 栖息地中的平均频率对应于这种多年生物种一生一次的事件。我们的结果表明,即使个别线索在自然波动的范​​围内,隐藏的反应规范也可能在其不一致的组合下暴露出来。我们预计气候变化不仅会通过极端线索,还会通过不常见的良性线索组合来挑战生物体的反应。我们在夏季温度与短到中性日长的组合中确定了这种情况,其在天然 Cephalotus 栖息地中的平均频率对应于这种多年生物种一生一次的事件。我们的结果表明,即使个别线索在自然波动的范​​围内,隐藏的反应规范也可能在其不一致的组合下暴露出来。我们预计气候变化不仅会通过极端线索,还会通过不常见的良性线索组合来挑战生物体的反应。我们在夏季温度与短到中性日长的组合中确定了这种情况,其在天然 Cephalotus 栖息地中的平均频率对应于这种多年生物种一生一次的事件。我们的结果表明,即使个别线索在自然波动的范​​围内,隐藏的反应规范也可能在其不一致的组合下暴露出来。我们预计气候变化不仅会通过极端线索,还会通过不常见的良性线索组合来挑战生物体的反应。我们的结果表明,即使个别线索在自然波动的范​​围内,隐藏的反应规范也可能在其不一致的组合下暴露出来。我们预计气候变化不仅会通过极端线索,还会通过不常见的良性线索组合来挑战生物体的反应。我们的结果表明,即使个别线索在自然波动的范​​围内,隐藏的反应规范也可能在其不一致的组合下暴露出来。我们预计气候变化不仅会通过极端线索,还会通过不常见的良性线索组合来挑战生物体的反应。
更新日期:2021-01-27
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