The link between parental socio-economic status (SES) and the likelihood of having a birth in cohabitation or in marriage varies considerably across countries. Previous studies have referred to the pattern of disadvantage perspective and the second demographic transition theory to explain this cross-national variation. Yet no study has directly tested the explanatory power of both theories in this context. In the current study, hypotheses are formulated about the influence of economic inequality and norms regarding family formation on this relationship. The hypotheses are tested in 19 European and North American countries, using data of the Generations and Gender Survey and four other datasets. The analyses show that in societies that have more traditional family formation norms, women with lower parental SES are more likely to have a birth in cohabitation whereas such differences are not found in less traditional societies. The influence of economic inequality is less clear-cut.

中文翻译：

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在欧洲和北美的同居联盟中生孩子：父母的社会经济地位有何作用？

父母的社会经济地位 (SES) 与同居或婚姻生育的可能性之间的联系因国家而异。先前的研究参考了劣势视角模式和第二人口转变理论来解释这种跨国差异。然而，没有研究直接测试这两种理论在这种情况下的解释力。在当前的研究中，提出了关于经济不平等和家庭形成规范对这种关系的影响的假设。这些假设在 19 个欧洲和北美国家进行了测试，使用了世代和性别调查的数据以及其他四个数据集。分析表明，在具有更传统家庭形成规范的社会中，父母社会经济地位较低的女性更有可能在同居中出生，而在不太传统的社会中则没有发现这种差异。经济不平等的影响不那么明显。