Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitor herbicides are being increasingly used to control acetolactate synthases (ALS) inhibitor-resistant weeds in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). However, PPO-inhibitor herbicides can injure the crop under certain application conditions, especially under abiotic stress and surfactants may exacerbate this injury. The objectives of this study were to 1) investigate the effect of PPO-inhibitor based treatments on dryland peanut growth and yield when applied at three timings in mid-season, 2) evaluate the interactions of surfactants, chloroacetamide herbicides, and PPO-inhibitors, and 3) assess the level of correlation of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) readings to traditional visible injury rating. Field studies were conducted in Henry and Escambia counties in Alabama, U.S. during 2018, and 2019. Up to 55% of visible peanut injury was observed with acifluorfen, lactofen, and carfentrazone-ethyl treatments. In general, the NDVI readings correlated significantly with traditional visible injury ratings. A tank mixture of chloroacetamide herbicides (pyroxasulfone, S-metolachlor, dimethenamid-P) with lactofen did not lead to more injury or yield loss than lactofen applied alone. Yield losses up 27% were observed with carfentrazone-ethyl plus a high surfactant oil concentrate (HSOC) at 75 and 90 days after planting (DAP) as compared to the non-treated check (NTC). Overall, treatments with HSOC and/or carfentrazone-ethyl were more likely to cause significant injury and yield loss than treatments with acifluorfen or lactofen plus nonionic surfactant (NIS). Peanuts are more sensitive to PPO-inhibitor herbicides at 75 DAP. NDVI did provide additional plant health information to subjective injury ratings, however, neither of these measurements are reliable predictors of peanut yield loss.

原卟啉原氧化酶（PPO）抑制剂除草剂正越来越多地用于控制花生中抗乙酰乳酸合酶（ALS）的杂草（花生）L.）。但是，PPO抑制剂除草剂在某些应用条件下尤其是在非生物胁迫下会伤害作物，表面活性剂可能会加剧这种伤害。这项研究的目的是：1）研究季中三个时间施用基于PPO抑制剂的处理对旱地花生生长和产量的影响，2）评价表面活性剂，氯乙酰胺除草剂和PPO抑制剂的相互作用， 3）评估标准化差异植被指数（NDVI）读数与传统可见伤害等级之间的相关程度。在2018年和2019年期间，在美国阿拉巴马州的亨利和埃斯坎比亚县进行了实地研究。使用acifluorfen，lactofen和carfentrazone-ethyl处理可观察到多达55％的可见花生伤害。大体，NDVI读数与传统的可见伤害等级显着相关。桶装的氯乙酰胺除草剂（吡as砜，与单独使用乳芬相比，与异丙酚合用的S-异丙甲草胺，二甲烯胺（P）没有导致更多的伤害或产量损失。与未处理的对照（NTC）相比，在种植后第75天和第90天（DAP），使用芬太尼-乙基醚和高表面活性剂油浓缩物（HSOC）观察到高达27％的产量损失。总体而言，与使用阿氟氟脲或乳粉加非离子表面活性剂（NIS）的治疗相比，使用HSOC和/或克芬太酮-乙基的治疗更有可能造成重大伤害和产量损失。在75 DAP时，花生对PPO抑制剂除草剂更敏感。NDVI确实为主观伤害等级提供了额外的植物健康信息，但是，这些测量均不能可靠地预测花生产量的损失。