The government of Indonesia pursued a slum-upgrading programme from 2011 to 2018 which included replacing ‘helicopter latrines’ with shared improved latrines. However, these latrines have not been fully utilised by slum dwellers yet. This study aimed to construct a model of behaviour change to urge people to switch from using helicopter latrines to using shared improved latrines through the process of community empowerment. A qualitative research method was conducted. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were deployed to select study participants. Data were collected through interviews and focus group discussions. The results showed that the challenge in improving communities' sanitation behaviour can be answered with a bottom-up approach that integrates tangible and intangible elements. These elements have the dimensions of form, meaning and activity. Form is a tangible element namely shared improved latrine building that is physically acceptable to the community. Meaning and activity are intangible elements. Meaning involves the cognitive aspects to create a sense of ownership and action from affective aspects involves the activity of using the latrines. To improve the sanitation conditions, governments should involve the community in every activity, empower the community through education campaigns, and conduct supervision until the community can be independent.

印度尼西亚政府从2011年到2018年推行贫民窟改造计划，其中包括以共享的改良厕所替换“直升机厕所”。但是，这些厕所还没有被贫民窟居民充分利用。这项研究旨在构建一种行为改变模型，以敦促人们通过赋予社区权力的过程，从使用直升机厕所改为使用共享的改进厕所。进行了定性研究方法。目的性和滚雪球采样技术被用来选择研究参与者。通过访谈和焦点小组讨论收集数据。结果表明，可以通过结合有形和无形元素的自下而上的方法来解决改善社区卫生行为方面的挑战。这些元素具有形式的维度，意义和活动。形式是有形的要素，即共享的，改进的厕所建筑，在社区上是可以接受的。意义和活动是无形的要素。意义涉及认知方面，以建立主人翁感，而情感方面的行为则涉及使用厕所的活动。为了改善卫生条件，政府应使社区参与每项活动，通过教育运动赋予社区权力，并进行监督，直到社区可以独立为止。意义涉及认知方面，以建立主人翁感，而情感方面的行为则涉及使用厕所的活动。为了改善卫生条件，政府应使社区参与每项活动，通过教育运动赋予社区权力，并进行监督，直到社区可以独立为止。意义涉及认知方面，以建立主人翁感，而情感方面的行为则涉及使用厕所的活动。为了改善卫生条件，政府应使社区参与每项活动，通过教育运动赋予社区权力，并进行监督，直到社区可以独立为止。