We analyse deformation bands related to horizontal contraction with an intermittent period of horizontal extension in Miocene turbidites of the Whakataki Formation south of Castlepoint, Wairarapa, North Island, New Zealand. In the Whakataki Formation, three sets of cataclastic deformation bands are identified: (1) normal-sense compactional shear bands (CSBs), (2) reverse-sense CSBs, and (3) reverse-sense shear-enhanced compaction bands (SECBs). During extension, CSBs are associated with normal faults. When propagating through clay-rich interbeds, extensional bands are characterised by clay smear and grain size reduction. During contraction, sandstone-dominated sequences host SECBs, and rare CSBs, that are generally distributed in pervasive patterns. A quantitative spacing analysis shows that most outcrops are characterised by mixed spatial distributions of deformation bands, interpreted as a consequence of overprint due to progressive deformation or distinct multiple generations of deformation bands from different deformation phases. As many deformation bands are parallel to adjacent juvenile normal faults and reverse faults, bands are likely precursors to faults. With progressive deformation, the linkage of distributed deformation bands across sedimentary beds occurs to form through-going faults. During this process, bands associated with the wall-, tip-, and interaction-damage zones overprint earlier distributions resulting in complex spatial patterns. Regularly spaced bands are pervasively distributed when far away from faults. Microstructural analysis shows that all deformation bands form by inelastic pore collapse and grain crushing with an absolute reduction in porosity relative to the host rock between 5 % and 14 %. Hence, deformation bands likely act as fluid flow barriers. Faults and their associated damage zones exhibit a spacing of 9 m on the scale of 10 km and are more commonly observed in areas characterised by higher mudstone-to-sandstone ratios. As a result, extensive clay smear is common in these faults, enhancing the sealing capacity of faults. Therefore, the formation of deformation bands and faults leads to progressive flow compartmentalisation from the scale of 9 m down to about 10 cm – the typical spacing of distributed, regularly spaced deformation bands.

中文翻译：

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Hikurangi俯冲带中新世俯冲楔（Wakakataki组）中变形带的分布，微物理性质和构造控制

我们在新西兰北岛怀拉拉帕的Castlepoint以南的Whakataki组的中新世浊积岩中，分析了与水平收缩有关的变形带，其中有水平延伸的间歇期。在瓦卡塔基组中，确定了三组碎裂形变带：（1）正向压实剪切带（CSB），（2）反方向CSB和（3）反方向剪切增强压实带（SECB） 。扩展期间，CSB与正常故障相关。当通过富含粘土的夹层进行传播时，伸展带的特征是粘土涂抹和颗粒尺寸减小。在收缩过程中，以砂岩为主的层序以SECB和稀有CSB为主，它们通常以普遍分布的方式分布。定量间隔分析表明，大多数露头的特征在于变形带的混合空间分布，这被解释为渐进变形或来自不同变形阶段的变形带的明显不同世代所致的叠印结果。由于许多形变带平行于相邻的少年正断层和逆断层，所以这些带很可能是断层的先兆。随着渐进形变，沉积床上分布的形变带相互联系，形成贯穿的断层。在此过程中，与墙壁，尖端和相互作用损坏区域相关的条带覆盖了较早的分布，从而导致了复杂的空间格局。远离断层时，规则分布的带普遍分布。微观结构分析表明，所有变形带都是由无弹性的孔隙塌陷和晶粒破碎形成的，相对于基质岩，孔隙度绝对降低了5％至14％。因此，变形带可能会充当流体流动的障碍。断层及其相关的破坏带在10 km的范围内具有9 m的间距，并且在以较高的泥岩砂岩比为特征的区域更常见。结果，在这些断层中普遍存在广泛的粘土涂抹，从而增强了断层的密封能力。因此，形变带和断层的形成导致了从9 m到约10 cm的渐进流动分区，这是分布的，规则间隔的形变带的典型间距。