Currently, increasing attention cancer treatment has focused on molecularly targeted therapies and more recently on immunotherapies targeting immune checkpoints. However, even such advanced treatment may be ineffective. The reasons for this are sought, inter alia, in the human microbiome. In our intestines, there are bacteria that are beneficial to us, but pathogenic microorganisms may also be present. Microbial imbalance (dysbiosis) is now perceived as one of the gateways to cancer. However, it is feasible to use bacteria and their metabolites to restore the natural, beneficial microbiome during oncological treatment. Akkermansia mucinifila, Enterococcus hirae, or Faecalibacterium prausnitzii are bacteria that exhibit this beneficial potential. Greater benefits of therapy can be observed in cancer patients enriched in these bacterial species and treated with anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, or anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibodies. In this review, we present issues related to the role of bacteria in carcinogenesis and their therapeutic potential “supporting” modern anti-cancer therapies.

Key Points

• Bacteria can be directly or indirectly a cancer trigger.

• Bacterial metabolites regulate the pathways associated with carcinogenesis.

• Intestinal bacteria activate the immune system to fight cancer.

当前，越来越多的注意力集中在针对分子靶向疗法的癌症治疗上，最近更关注针对免疫检查点的免疫疗法。但是，即使这样的晚期治疗也可能无效。尤其是在人类微生物组中寻找其原因。在我们的肠子中，有对我们有益的细菌，但也可能存在病原微生物。现在人们认为微生物失衡（生物失调）是通往癌症的门户之一。但是，在肿瘤治疗期间使用细菌及其代谢物来恢复天然有益的微生物组是可行的。Akkermansia mucinifila，平肠肠球菌或普氏杆菌是具有这种有益潜力的细菌。在富含这些细菌种类并用抗PD-1，抗PD-L1或抗CTLA-4单克隆抗体治疗的癌症患者中，可以观察到更大的治疗益处。在这篇综述中，我们提出与细菌在致癌作用中的作用及其“支持”现代抗癌治疗潜力有关的问题。

关键点

•细菌可以直接或间接地引发癌症。

•细菌代谢产物调节与致癌相关的途径。

•肠道细菌激活免疫系统抵抗癌症。