Experiments have been performed to study the bremsstrahlung from 5 keV electrons incident on BeO and NaCl targets. The main objectives of the study were to compare the experimental results to those produced using pyPENELOPE (which is based on the main program of the Monte Carlo code, PENELOPE) in order to examine the accuracy of the code’s implementation of the additivity approximation and its predictions for experiments involving insulating targets. Comparisons of experimental results to results produced using pyPENELOPE were made both for situations where surface-charging effects were significant and for situations where the insulating targets’ surfaces were continuously neutralized. The results suggest that the PENELOPE code’s main program, PENEPMA, does not simulate charging effects. Instead, it accurately simulates bremsstrahlung produced by low-energy electrons incident on insulating targets for situations where surface-charging is not significant. The results also support the validity of the additivity approximation, as incorporated into PENELOPE.

已经进行了实验，以研究从5 keV电子入射到BeO和NaCl靶上的致辐射。该研究的主要目的是将实验结果与使用pyPENELOPE（基于蒙特卡洛代码的主程序PENELOPE）产生的实验结果进行比较，以便检查该代码实现加性近似及其预测的准确性。用于涉及绝缘目标的实验。将实验结果与使用pyPENELOPE产生的结果进行了比较，既适用于表面充电效果显着的情况，也适用于绝缘目标表面被连续中和的情况。结果表明，PENELOPE代码的主程序PENEPMA无法模拟充电效果。代替，它精确地模拟了在表面电荷不明显的情况下，低能电子入射到绝缘目标上所产生的致辐射。结果也支持加到PENELOPE中的加性近似的有效性。