Satellite-based remote sensing is being used by geologists for the last five decades for conducting geological surveys and applications. The launch of Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS)-1C in December 1995 opened new opportunities to study and characterise Earth’s surface materials, landforms and surface as well as subsurface processes. The availability of panchromatic (PAN) camera and Wide Field Sensor (WiFS) in addition to multispectral Linear Imaging Self-Scanning sensor-III (LISS-III) made the IRS-1C unique among its contemporary satellites. While wide coverage provided by the WiFS images could be used for studying regional features like geological and geomorphic provinces and mega lineaments/fractures, the PAN-sharpened LISS-III images facilitated improved interpretability and made large-scale (up to 1:10,000) mapping possible. In this article, we review the geological applications of the IRS-1C and its follow-on missions carrying similar sensors, with an aim to present the status of the achievements made with this unique mission. From the basic geological and geomorphological mapping to different applied geological investigations in the fields of hydrogeology, mineral and hydrocarbon exploration, geoengineering surveys, geoenvironmental appraisal of engineering, mining and infrastructural projects, and geological hazards are covered in this review. While reviewing different applications, we highlight major projects executed, new initiatives undertaken, and scientific findings through the use of IRS-1C data and its successor missions. We also provide some recommendations on the future requirements of remote sensing systems and processes from the geological perspective.

中文翻译：

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IRS-1C 及其后续任务在地质应用中的使用：综述

在过去的五年中，地质学家一直在使用基于卫星的遥感进行地质调查和应用。1995 年 12 月印度遥感卫星 (IRS)-1C 的发射为研究和表征地球表面材料、地形和地表以及地下过程提供了新的机会。除了多光谱线性成像自扫描传感器-III (LISS-III) 之外，全色 (PAN) 相机和广角传感器 (WiFS) 的可用性使 IRS-1C 在其当代卫星中独一无二。虽然 WiFS 图像提供的广泛覆盖可用于研究区域特征，如地质和地貌省份和大型线条/裂缝，但 PAN 锐化的 LISS-III 图像有助于提高可解释性并进行大规模（高达 1:10,000）测绘可能的。在本文中，我们回顾了 IRS-1C 及其搭载类似传感器的后续任务的地质应用，旨在介绍这一独特任务所取得的成就。本综述涵盖了从基础地质和地貌测绘到水文地质、矿产和油气勘探、地球工程调查、工程、采矿和基础设施项目的地球环境评价以及地质灾害等领域的不同应用地质调查。在审查不同的应用程序时，我们强调了通过使用 IRS-1C 数据及其后续任务执行的重大项目、采取的新举措和科学发现。我们还从地质角度对遥感系统和过程的未来需求提出了一些建议。