This eight-nation comparative study adopts a multi-modal analytical approach in investigating education driven stratification in political participation and the simultaneous roles of various media (print newspaper, television, radio, and social media) and press freedom in influencing this inequality. The findings suggest that informational use of social media, print newspaper, and radio increases the likelihood of participation, but consuming television news inhibits participation. Furthermore, social media use, like radio and television use, exacerbates education-generated inequality. Press freedom as a socio-political factor reinforces the role of the television, print newspaper, and social media in participation inequality. Theoretical and policy implications are discussed.

中文翻译：

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不同新闻媒体使用和新闻自由在教育产生的参与不平等中的作用：八国比较分析

这项针对八国的比较研究采用多模式分析方法来调查教育驱动的政治参与分层以及各种媒体（印刷报纸、电视、广播和社交媒体）和新闻自由在影响这种不平等方面的同时作用。研究结果表明，社交媒体、印刷报纸和广播的信息使用增加了参与的可能性，但消费电视新闻会抑制参与。此外，社交媒体的使用，如广播和电视的使用，加剧了教育造成的不平等。作为社会政治因素的新闻自由加强了电视、印刷报纸和社交媒体在参与不平等中的作用。讨论了理论和政策影响。