This article argues that gaushalas, or cow shelters, in India are mobilized as sites of Hindutva or Hindu ultranationalism, where it is a “vulnerable” Hindu Indian nation—or the “Hindu mother cow” as Mother India—who needs “sanctuary” from predatory Muslim males. Gaushalas are rendered spaces of (re)production of cows as political, religious, and economic capital, and sustained by the combined and compatible narratives of “anthropatriarchy” and Hindu patriarchy. Anthropatriarchy is framed as the human enactment of gendered oppressions upon animal bodies, and is crucial to sustaining all animal agriculture. Hindu patriarchy refers to the instrumentalization of female and feminized bodies (women, cows, “Mother India”) as “mothers” and cultural guardians of a “pure” Hindu civilization. Both patriarchies commodify bovine motherhood and breastmilk. which this article frames as a feminist issue. Through empirical research, this article demonstrates that gaushalas generally function as spaces of exploitation, incarceration, and gendered violence for the animals. The article broadens posthumanist feminist theory to illustrate how bovine bodies, akin to women's bodies, are mobilized as productive, reproductive, and symbolic capital to advance Hindu extremism and ultranationalism. It subjectifies animal bodies as landscapes of nation‐making using ecofeminism and its subfield of vegan feminism.

中文翻译：

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“母牛是母亲，母亲可以为自己的孩子做任何事情！” Gaushalas作为父权制和印度教父制的风景

本文认为，印度的gaushalas（或牛棚）被动员为Hindutva或印度教超民族主义的场所，在那里，它是一个“脆弱的”印度教印度民族（或印度母亲的“印度教母牛”），需要从那里获得“庇护所”掠夺性的穆斯林男性。高沙萨拉人成为母牛（作为政治，宗教和经济资本的（再）生产）的空间，并由“人类父权制”和印度教父权制相结合和兼容的叙述所支撑。父权制是人类对动物身体施加性别压迫的法则，对维持所有动物农业至关重要。印度教的父权制是指将女性和女性化的身体（妇女，母牛，“印度母亲”）作为“母亲”和“纯正”印度教文明的文化守护者的工具化。两种父权制都将牛的母性和母乳化为商品。本文将其视为女性主义问题。通过实证研究，本文证明了高羚羊通常充当动物的剥削，监禁和性别暴力的场所。文章拓宽了后人文主义的女权主义理论，以说明类似于妇女身体的牛体如何被动用为生产，生殖和象征性资本，以促进印度极端主义和超民族主义。它使用生态女权主义及其纯素食女权主义的子领域将动物身体归类为建立国家的风景。类似于妇女的身体，被作为生产，生殖和象征性资本动员起来，以发展印度教极端主义和超民族主义。它使用生态女权主义及其纯素食女权主义的子领域将动物身体归类为建立国家的风景。类似于妇女的身体，被作为生产，生殖和象征性资本动员起来，以发展印度教极端主义和超民族主义。它使用生态女权主义及其纯素食女权主义的子领域将动物身体归类为建立国家的风景。