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Convergent evolution of pain-inducing defensive venom components in spitting cobras
Science ( IF 56.9 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-21 , DOI: 10.1126/science.abb9303 T D Kazandjian 1 , D Petras 2, 3 , S D Robinson 4, 5 , J van Thiel 6 , H W Greene 7 , K Arbuckle 8 , A Barlow 9, 10 , D A Carter 5 , R M Wouters 6 , G Whiteley 1 , S C Wagstaff 1, 11 , A S Arias 12 , L-O Albulescu 1 , A Plettenberg Laing 10 , C Hall 10 , A Heap 10 , S Penrhyn-Lowe 10 , C V McCabe 13 , S Ainsworth 1 , R R da Silva 2, 14 , P C Dorrestein 2 , M K Richardson 6 , J M Gutiérrez 12 , J J Calvete 15 , R A Harrison 1 , I Vetter 5, 16 , E A B Undheim 4, 5, 17, 18 , W Wüster 10 , N R Casewell 1
Science ( IF 56.9 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-21 , DOI: 10.1126/science.abb9303 T D Kazandjian 1 , D Petras 2, 3 , S D Robinson 4, 5 , J van Thiel 6 , H W Greene 7 , K Arbuckle 8 , A Barlow 9, 10 , D A Carter 5 , R M Wouters 6 , G Whiteley 1 , S C Wagstaff 1, 11 , A S Arias 12 , L-O Albulescu 1 , A Plettenberg Laing 10 , C Hall 10 , A Heap 10 , S Penrhyn-Lowe 10 , C V McCabe 13 , S Ainsworth 1 , R R da Silva 2, 14 , P C Dorrestein 2 , M K Richardson 6 , J M Gutiérrez 12 , J J Calvete 15 , R A Harrison 1 , I Vetter 5, 16 , E A B Undheim 4, 5, 17, 18 , W Wüster 10 , N R Casewell 1
Affiliation
From offense to defense Venom in snakes is largely used to subdue and/or kill prey, and most venoms have clear actions that facilitate death or paralysis. In one group of snakes, however, venom has evolved and shifted from predation to protection. Specifically, in three different lineages of “spitting” snakes, venom is used to deter predators. Kazandjian et al. show that similar adaptions have occurred within these lineages that transform cytotoxic components into a mixture that acts on mammalian sensory neurons and causes pain. The authors argue that increased predation on these lineages led to similar shifts in venom function. Science, this issue p. 386 Spitting snakes shifted venom function from causing death to causing pain. Convergent evolution provides insights into the selective drivers underlying evolutionary change. Snake venoms, with a direct genetic basis and clearly defined functional phenotype, provide a model system for exploring the repeated evolution of adaptations. While snakes use venom primarily for predation, and venom composition often reflects diet specificity, three lineages of cobras have independently evolved the ability to spit venom at adversaries. Using gene, protein, and functional analyses, we show that the three spitting lineages possess venoms characterized by an up-regulation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) toxins, which potentiate the action of preexisting venom cytotoxins to activate mammalian sensory neurons and cause enhanced pain. These repeated independent changes provide a fascinating example of convergent evolution across multiple phenotypic levels driven by selection for defense.
中文翻译:
吐痰眼镜蛇中引起疼痛的防御性毒液成分的趋同进化
从进攻到防御蛇的毒液主要用于制服和/或杀死猎物,大多数毒液具有明显的促进死亡或瘫痪的作用。然而,在一组蛇中,毒液已经进化并从捕食转变为保护。具体来说,在三种不同谱系的“吐蛇”中,毒液被用来阻止捕食者。卡赞吉安等人。研究表明,这些谱系中也发生了类似的适应,将细胞毒性成分转化为作用于哺乳动物感觉神经元并引起疼痛的混合物。作者认为,对这些谱系的捕食增加导致了毒液功能的类似变化。科学,本期第 14 页。386 吐蛇将毒液的功能从导致死亡转变为引起疼痛。趋同进化提供了对进化变化背后的选择性驱动因素的见解。蛇毒具有直接的遗传基础和明确的功能表型,为探索适应的重复进化提供了一个模型系统。虽然蛇主要使用毒液进行捕食,并且毒液成分通常反映饮食特异性,但眼镜蛇的三个谱系独立进化出了向对手吐毒液的能力。通过基因、蛋白质和功能分析,我们发现这三个吐痰谱系的毒液具有磷脂酶 A2 (PLA2) 毒素上调的特征,这种毒素增强了先前存在的毒液细胞毒素的作用,激活哺乳动物的感觉神经元并引起增强的疼痛。这些重复的独立变化提供了一个有趣的例子,说明防御选择驱动的跨多个表型水平的趋同进化。
更新日期:2021-01-21
中文翻译:
吐痰眼镜蛇中引起疼痛的防御性毒液成分的趋同进化
从进攻到防御蛇的毒液主要用于制服和/或杀死猎物,大多数毒液具有明显的促进死亡或瘫痪的作用。然而,在一组蛇中,毒液已经进化并从捕食转变为保护。具体来说,在三种不同谱系的“吐蛇”中,毒液被用来阻止捕食者。卡赞吉安等人。研究表明,这些谱系中也发生了类似的适应,将细胞毒性成分转化为作用于哺乳动物感觉神经元并引起疼痛的混合物。作者认为,对这些谱系的捕食增加导致了毒液功能的类似变化。科学,本期第 14 页。386 吐蛇将毒液的功能从导致死亡转变为引起疼痛。趋同进化提供了对进化变化背后的选择性驱动因素的见解。蛇毒具有直接的遗传基础和明确的功能表型,为探索适应的重复进化提供了一个模型系统。虽然蛇主要使用毒液进行捕食,并且毒液成分通常反映饮食特异性,但眼镜蛇的三个谱系独立进化出了向对手吐毒液的能力。通过基因、蛋白质和功能分析,我们发现这三个吐痰谱系的毒液具有磷脂酶 A2 (PLA2) 毒素上调的特征,这种毒素增强了先前存在的毒液细胞毒素的作用,激活哺乳动物的感觉神经元并引起增强的疼痛。这些重复的独立变化提供了一个有趣的例子,说明防御选择驱动的跨多个表型水平的趋同进化。