Although the neural bases of the brain associated with movement disorders in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) are becoming clearer, the information is not sufficient because of the lack of extensive brain function research. Therefore, it is controversial about effective intervention methods focusing on brain function. One of the rehabilitation techniques for movement disorders involves intervention using motor imagery (MI). MI is often used for movement disorders, but most studies involve adults and healthy children, and the MI method for children with DCD has not been studied in detail. Therefore, a review was conducted to clarify the neuroscientific basis of the methodology of intervention using MI for children with DCD. The neuroimaging review included 20 magnetic resonance imaging studies, and the neurorehabilitation review included four MI intervention studies. In addition to previously reported neural bases, our results indicate decreased activity of the bilateral thalamus, decreased connectivity of the sensory-motor cortex and the left posterior middle temporal gyrus, bilateral posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, cerebellum, and basal ganglia, loss of connectivity superiority in the abovementioned areas. Furthermore, reduction of gray matter volume in the right superior frontal gyrus and middle frontal gyrus, lower fractional anisotropy, and axial diffusivity in regions of white matter pathways were found in DCD. As a result of the review, children with DCD had less activation of the left brain, especially those with mirror neurons system (MNS) and sensory integration functions. On the contrary, the area important for the visual space processing of the right brain was activated. Regarding of characteristic of the MI methods was that children observed a video related to motor skills before the intervention. Also, they performed visual-motor tasks before MI training sessions. Adding action observation during MI activates the MNS, and performing visual-motor tasks activates the basal ganglia. These methods may improve the deactivated brain regions of children with DCD and may be useful as conditioning before starting training. Furthermore, we propose a process for sharing the contents of MI with the therapist in language and determining exercise strategies.

中文翻译：

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基于神经影像学研究的发育性协调障碍儿童的神经基​​础和运动意象干预方法：综述

尽管与发育性协调障碍 (DCD) 儿童运动障碍相关的大脑神经基础越来越清晰，但由于缺乏广泛的脑功能研究，这些信息还不够充分。因此，针对脑功能的有效干预方法存在争议。运动障碍的康复技术之一涉及使用运动意象 (MI) 进行干预。MI 常用于运动障碍，但大多数研究涉及成人和健康儿童，对 DCD 儿童的 MI 方法尚未进行详细研究。因此，进行了一项审查，以阐明使用 MI 对 DCD 儿童进行干预的方法学的神经科学基础。神经影像学综述包括 20 项磁共振成像研究，神经康复审查包括四项 MI 干预研究。除了先前报道的神经基础外，我们的结果表明双侧丘脑的活动减少，感觉运动皮层和左后颞中回、双侧后扣带回皮层、楔前叶、小脑和基底神经节的连通性降低，连通性丧失在上述领域的优势。此外，在 DCD 中发现右侧额上回和额中回的灰质体积减少，各向异性分数较低，以及白质通路区域的轴向扩散率。作为审查的结果，患有 DCD 的儿童的左脑活动较少，尤其是那些具有镜像神经元系统 (MNS) 和感觉统合功能的儿童。相反，对右脑的视觉空间处理很重要的区域被激活。MI方法的特点是儿童在干预前观察了与运动技能相关的视频。此外，他们在 MI 培训课程之前执行了视觉运动任务。在 MI 期间添加动作观察激活 MNS，执行视觉运动任务激活基底神经节。这些方法可能会改善 DCD 儿童失活的大脑区域，并且可能有助于在开始训练之前进行调节。此外，我们提出了一个与治疗师在语言上分享 MI 内容并确定锻炼策略的过程。此外，他们在 MI 培训课程之前执行了视觉运动任务。在 MI 期间添加动作观察激活 MNS，执行视觉运动任务激活基底神经节。这些方法可能会改善 DCD 儿童失活的大脑区域，并且可能有助于在开始训练之前进行调节。此外，我们提出了一个与治疗师在语言上分享 MI 内容并确定锻炼策略的过程。此外，他们在 MI 培训课程之前执行了视觉运动任务。在 MI 期间添加动作观察激活 MNS，执行视觉运动任务激活基底神经节。这些方法可能会改善 DCD 儿童失活的大脑区域，并且可能有助于在开始训练之前进行调节。此外，我们提出了一个与治疗师在语言上分享 MI 内容并确定锻炼策略的过程。