Background: In previous studies, ultra-endurance performance has been associated with training and psychological variables. However, performance under extreme conditions is understudied, mainly due to difficulties in making field measures. Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the role of training, hydration, nutrition, oral health status, and stress-related psychological factors in athletes’ performance in ultra-endurance mountain events. Methods: We analyzed the variables of race time and training, hydration state, nutrition, oral health status, and stress-related psychological factors in 448 ultra-endurance mountain race finishers divided into three groups according to race length (less than 45 km, 45–90 km, and greater than 90 km), using a questionnaire. Results: Higher performance in ultra-endurance mountain races was associated with better oral health status and higher accumulative altitude covered per week as well as higher positive accumulative change of altitude per week during training. In longer distance races, experience, a larger volume of training, and better hydration/nutrition prior to the competition were associated with better performance. Conclusions: Ultra-endurance mountain athletes competing in longer races (>90 km) have more experience and follow harder training schedules compared with athletes competing in shorter distances. In longer races, a larger fluid intake before the competition was the single best predictor of performance. For races between 45 and 90 km, training intensity and volume were key predictors of performance, and for races below 45 km, oral health status was a key predictor of performance. Psychological factors previously reported as ultra-endurance mountain race performance predictors were inconsistent or failed to predict the performance of athletes in the present research.

中文翻译：

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运动员在超耐力山地比赛中的表现预测指标

背景：在以前的研究中，超耐力性能与训练和心理变量有关。但是，对极端条件下的性能进行了研究不足，主要原因是难以进行现场测量。目的：本研究旨在分析训练，水合作用，营养，口腔健康状况以及与压力有关的心理因素在运动员超耐力山地比赛中的表现。方法：我们分析了448名超耐力山地赛终点选手的比赛时间和训练，水合状态，营养，口腔健康状况以及与压力相关的心理因素的变量，根据其比赛时长将他们分为三组（小于45 km，45 – 90公里，大于90公里），使用问卷调查。结果：在超耐久的山地比赛中，较高的表现与更好的口腔健康状况和每周较高的累积海拔高度以及训练期间每周较高的海拔高度正累积变化有关。在长距离比赛中，经验，更大的训练量以及比赛前更好的水合/营养与更好的表现相关。结论：与短距离比赛相比，参加更长距离比赛（> 90 km）的超耐力山地运动员拥有更多的经验并遵循严格的训练计划。在更长的比赛中，比赛前更大的饮水量是对性能的最佳预测。对于45至90公里之间的比赛，训练强度和训练量是性能的关键指标，而对于45公里以下的比赛，口腔健康状况是表现的关键指标。在本研究中，先前被报告为超耐力山地运动成绩预测因素的心理因素前后不一致或未能预测运动员的表现。