Antibiotics are frequently applied to treat bacterial infections in humans and animals. However, most consumed antibiotics are excreted into wastewater as metabolites or in their original form. Therefore, removal of antibiotics from aquatic environments is of high research interest. In this study, we investigated the removal of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and ofloxacin (OFX) with Chaetoceros muelleri, a marine diatom. The optimization process was conducted using response surface methodology (RSM) with two independent parameters, i.e., the initial concentration of antibiotics and contact time. The optimum removal of SMX and OFX were 39.8% (0.19 mg L⁻¹) and 42.5% (0.21 mg L⁻¹) at the initial concentration (0.5 mg L⁻¹) and contact time (6.3 days). Apart from that, the toxicity effect of antibiotics on the diatom was monitored in different SMX and OFX concentrations (0 to 50 mg L⁻¹). The protein (mg L⁻¹) and carotenoid (µg L⁻¹) content increased when the antibiotic concentration increased up to 20 mg L⁻¹, while cell viability was not significantly affected up to 20 mg L⁻¹ of antibiotic concentration. Protein content, carotenoid, and cell viability decreased during high antibiotic concentrations (more than 20 to 30 mg L⁻¹). This study revealed that the use of Chaetoceros muelleri is an appealing solution to remove certain antibiotics from wastewater.

中文翻译：

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穆巴拉柴鸡在抗生素生物修复中的潜力：性能和优化

抗生素经常用于治疗人和动物的细菌感染。但是，大多数消耗的抗生素会以代谢产物或原始形式排入废水。因此，从水生环境中去除抗生素具有很高的研究兴趣。在这项研究中，我们研究了用海洋硅藻Chaetoceros muelleri去除磺胺甲恶唑（SMX）和氧氟沙星（OFX）的方法。优化过程使用响应表面方法（RSM）进行，具有两个独立的参数，即抗生素的初始浓度和接触时间。在初始浓度（0.5 mg L ^-1）下，SMX和OFX的最佳去除率为39.8％（0.19 mg L ^-1）和42.5％（0.21 mg L ^-1）。）和联系时间（6.3天）。除此之外，在不同的SMX和OFX浓度（0至50 mg L ^-1）下监测抗生素对硅藻的毒性作用。蛋白质（毫克的L ^-1）和类胡萝卜素（微克大号^-1）时的抗生素浓度增加至20毫克的L的含量增加^-1，而细胞存活率没有影响显著高达20毫克的L ^-1的抗生素浓度的。在高抗生素浓度（超过20至30 mg L ^-1）期间，蛋白质含量，类胡萝卜素和细胞活力降低。这项研究表明，使用Chaetoceros muelleri是从废水中去除某些抗生素的有吸引力的解决方案。