Large felids (>30 kg) have exclusively carnivorous diets and depend upon medium and large terrestrial prey to fuel high metabolic demands (Sunquist and Sunquist 2002, Carbone et al. 2007). Although some of them commonly use trees for resting, hunting, avoiding predators or competitors (e.g., leopards Panthera pardus - Le Roux & Skinner, 1989 and pumas Puma concolor - Santos et al. 2014), and others may prey on arboreal, aquatic and semi-aquatic species (e.g., jaguars Panthera onca - Azevedo & Verdade, 2012; and tigers Panthera tigris - Mukherjee & Sen Sarkar, 2013), there are no documented cases of large felids living a primarily arboreal existence for extended periods. Here, we report the evolution of a unique lifestyle for a large terrestrial top predator, in which jaguars live an arboreal and semi-aquatic existence for 3-4 months of the year in a completely flooded environment during the annual high-water season of the Amazon River Basin (Fig. 1).

中文翻译：

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水上行走：亚马逊淹没森林中大型顶级捕食者树栖生活方式的意外演变

大型猫科动物（>30 公斤）只吃肉食，依靠中型和大型陆地猎物来满足高代谢需求（Sunquist 和 Sunquist 2002，Carbone 等人 2007）。尽管其中一些通常使用树木来休息、狩猎、躲避捕食者或竞争者（例如，豹 Panthera pardus - Le Roux & Skinner，1989 和美洲狮 Puma concolor - Santos 等人，2014），而其他一些可能捕食树栖、水生和半水生物种（例如美洲虎 Panthera onca - Azevedo & Verdade，2012 年；老虎 Panthera tigris - Mukherjee 和 Sen Sarkar，2013 年），没有记录表明大型猫科动物长期主要在树栖上生活。在这里，我们报告了大型陆地顶级捕食者独特生活方式的演变，