The magma ocean concept was first conceived to explain the geology of the Moon, but hemispherical or global oceans of silicate melt could be a widespread “lava world” phase of rocky planet accretion, and could persist on planets on short-period orbits around other stars. The formation and crystallization of magma oceans could be a defining stage in the assembly of a core, origin of a crust, initiation of tectonics, and formation of an atmosphere. The last decade has seen significant advances in our understanding of this phenomenon through analysis of terrestrial and extraterrestrial samples, planetary missions, and astronomical observations of exoplanets. This review describes the energetic basis of magma oceans and lava worlds and the lava lake analogs available for study on Earth and Io. It provides an overview of evidence for magma oceans throughout the Solar System and considers the factors that control the rocks these magma oceans leave behind. It describes research on theoretical and observed exoplanets that could host extant magma oceans and summarizes efforts to detect and characterize them. It reviews modeling of the evolution of magma oceans as a result of crystallization and evaporation, the interaction with the underlying solid mantle, and the effects of planetary rotation. The review also considers theoretical investigations on the formation of an atmosphere in concert with the magma ocean and in response to irradiation from the host star, and possible end-states. Finally, it describes needs and gaps in our knowledge and points to future opportunities with new planetary missions and space telescopes to identify and better characterize lava worlds around nearby stars.

岩浆海洋概念最初是为了解释月球的地质而提出的，但半球形或全球性的硅酸盐熔体海洋可能是岩石行星吸积的一个广泛的“熔岩世界”阶段，并且可以持续存在于围绕其他恒星运行的短周期行星上. 岩浆海洋的形成和结晶可能是核心组装、地壳起源、构造开始和大气形成的决定性阶段。在过去十年中，我们通过对地球和外星样本的分析、行星任务和系外行星的天文观测，在理解这一现象方面取得了重大进展。这篇综述描述了岩浆海洋和熔岩世界的能量基础以及可用于地球和艾奥研究的熔岩湖类似物。它概述了整个太阳系岩浆海洋的证据，并考虑了控制这些岩浆海洋留下的岩石的因素。它描述了对可以容纳现存岩浆海洋的理论和观察到的系外行星的研究，并总结了探测和表征它们的努力。它回顾了岩浆海洋由于结晶和蒸发、与下伏固体地幔的相互作用以及行星自转的影响而演化的建模。该评论还考虑了对大气形成与岩浆海洋一致并响应主恒星辐射的理论研究，以及可能的终态。最后，