Yearslong time series of high-precision brightness measurements have been assembled for thousands of years with telescopes operating in space. Such data have allowed astronomers to measure the physics of stellar interiors via nonradial oscillations, opening a new avenue to study the stars in the Universe. Asteroseismology, the interpretation of the characteristics of oscillation modes in terms of the physical properties of the stellar interior, brought entirely new insights in how stars rotate and how they build up their chemistry throughout their evolution. Data-driven space asteroseismology has delivered a drastic increase in the reliability of computer models mimicking the evolution of stars born with a variety of masses and metallicities. Such models are critical ingredients for modern physics as a whole because they are used throughout various contemporary and multidisciplinary research fields in space science, including the search for life outside the Solar System, archaeological studies of the Milky Way, and the study of single and binary supernova progenitors, among which are future gravitational wave sources. The specific role and potential of asteroseismology for those modern research fields are illustrated. The review concludes with current limitations of asteroseismology and highlights how they can be overcome with ongoing and future large infrastructures for survey astronomy combined with new theoretical research in the era of high-performance computing. This review presents results obtained through major community efforts over the past decade. These breakthroughs were achieved in a collaborative and inclusive spirit that is characteristic of the asteroseismology community. The review’s aim is to make this research field accessible to graduate students and readers coming from other fields of physics, with incentives to enjoy and join future applications in this domain of astrophysics.

中文翻译：

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通过星震学研究恒星的内部物理学

数以千计的高精度亮度测量的时间序列已经在太空中运行的望远镜中组装了数千年。这样的数据使天文学家可以通过非径向振荡来测量恒星内部的物理学，从而为研究宇宙中的恒星开辟了一条新途径。星形地震学是根据恒星内部物理特性对振荡模式特征的解释，它为恒星如何旋转以及它们如何在整个演化过程中建立化学结构带来了全新的见解。数据驱动的空间星震学极大地提高了计算机模型的可靠性，该模型可模拟具有各种质量和金属性质的恒星的演化。这样的模型是整个现代物理学的重要组成部分，因为它们被用于空间科学的各个当代和多学科研究领域，包括寻找太阳系之外的生命，银河系的考古研究以及单星和双星的研究。超新星祖细胞，其中包括未来的引力波源。阐述了地震学在这些现代研究领域中的特殊作用和潜力。回顾以当前的地震学局限性作为结束，并着重介绍了如何利用当前和未来的大型测量天文学基础设施以及高性能计算时代的新理论研究来克服它们。这篇评论介绍了过去十年中通过主要社区努力获得的结果。这些突破是以合作精神和包容性精神实现的，这是星震学界的特色。这篇综述的目的是使来自其他物理学领域的研究生和读者可以访问这个研究领域，并鼓励人们享受并加入未来在天体物理学领域的应用。