In recent years, due to the development of industrial and agricultural production, heavy metal contamination has attracted increasing attention. Aromatic and medicinal plant Salvia sclarea L. (clary sage) is classified to zinc (Zn) accumulators and considered as a potential plant for the phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted soils. In this study, an adaptation of clary sage to 900 µM (excess) Zn exposure for eight days in a hydroponic culture was investigated. The tolerance mechanisms under excess Zn exposure were assessed by evaluating changes in the nutrient uptake, leaf pigment and phenolic content, photosynthetic activity and leaf structural characteristics. The uptake and the distribution of Zn, as well as some essential elements such as: Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn and Cu, were examined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results revealed that Salvia sclarea is a Zn-accumulator plant that tolerates significantly high toxic levels of Zn in the leaves by increasing the leaf contents of Fe, Ca and Mn ions to protect the photosynthetic function and to stimulate the photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) activities. The exposure of clary sage to excess Zn significantly increased the synthesis of total phenolics and anthocyanins in the leaves; these play an important role in Zn detoxification and protection against oxidative stress. The lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage in leaves, used as clear indicators for heavy metal damage, were slightly increased. All these data highlight that Salvia sclarea is an economically interesting plant for the phytoextraction and/or phytostabilization of Zn-contaminated soils.

中文翻译：

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芳香和药用植物丹参对过量锌的耐受机制

近年来，由于工农业生产的发展，重金属污染引起了越来越多的关注。芳香和药用植物丹参L.（鼠尾草）被归类为锌（Zn）蓄积物，被认为是对重金属污染土壤进行植物修复的潜在植物。在这项研究中，研究了鼠尾草对水培培养八天中900 µM（过量）锌暴露的适应性。通过评估养分吸收，叶片色素和酚含量，光合活性和叶片结构特征的变化，评估了过量锌暴露下的耐受机制。通过电感耦合等离子体质谱法检查了锌的吸收和分布以及一些基本元素，例如：钙，镁，铁，锰和铜。结果显示丹参是一种锌积累植物，通过增加叶子中的Fe，Ca和Mn离子含量来保护光合作用并刺激光系统I（PSI）和光系统II（PSII）的活动，从而耐受叶片中锌的高毒水平。 。鼠尾草与过量锌的接触显着增加了叶片中总酚和花青素的合成。这些在锌解毒和抗氧化应激中起重要作用。叶片中的脂质过氧化和电解质渗漏被用作重金属破坏的明确指标，略有增加。所有这些数据突出表明，丹参是一种经济上令人关注的植物，可用于锌污染土壤的植物提取和/或植物稳定。