The upward trend of seawater temperature has encouraged improving the knowledge of its consequences on fish, considering also the development of diets including vegetable ingredients as an approach to achieve a more sustainable aquaculture. This study aims to determine the effects on musculoskeletal growth of: (1) a high-water temperature of 28 °C (versus 21 °C) in gilthead sea bream juveniles (Sparus aurata) fed with a diet rich in palm oil and, (2) feeding the fish reared at 28 °C with two other diets containing rapeseed oil or an equilibrated combination of both vegetable oils. Somatic parameters and mRNA levels of growth hormone-insulin-like growth factors (GH-IGFs) axis-, osteogenic-, myogenic-, lipid metabolism- and oxidative stress-related genes in vertebra bone and/or white muscle are analyzed. Overall, the data indicate that high-water rearing temperature in this species leads to different adjustments through modulating the gene expression of members of the GH-IGFs axis (down-regulating igf-1, its receptors, and binding proteins) and also, to bone turnover (reducing the resorption-activity genes cathepsin K (ctsk) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (mmp9)) to achieve harmonic musculoskeletal growth. Moreover, the combination of palm and rapeseed oils seems to be the most beneficial at high-water rearing temperature for both balanced somatic growth and muscular fatty acid uptake and oxidation.

中文翻译：

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高水温饲养并以棕榈油和菜籽油为基础的日粮喂养的金头海鲷幼鱼的骨骼肌肉生长调节

海水温度的上升趋势鼓励人们提高对鱼类后果的认识，并考虑到包括蔬菜成分在内的饮食的发展，以实现更可持续的水产养殖。这项研究旨在确定以下因素对骨骼肌肉生长的影响：（1）金头鲷鱼（Sparus aurata）中的高水温为28°C（相对于21°C））饲喂富含棕榈油的饲料，以及（2）用另外两种包含菜籽油或两种植物油的平衡混合物的饲料饲喂在28°C下饲养的鱼。分析了椎骨和/或白肌中生长激素-胰岛素样生长因子（GH-IGFs）轴，成骨，成肌，脂质代谢和氧化应激相关基因的体细胞参数和mRNA水平。总体而言，数据表明该物种的高水温饲养温度通过调节GH-IGFs轴成员的基因表达（下调igf-1，其受体和结合蛋白）导致不同的调节，并且骨周转（减少吸收活性基因组织蛋白酶K（ctsk）和基质金属蛋白酶9（mmp9））实现谐波骨骼肌肉生长。此外，棕榈油和菜籽油的组合似乎在高水温饲养温度下最有利于均衡的体细胞生长以及肌肉脂肪酸的摄取和氧化。