Musculoskeletal injuries (MSI) continue to affect Thoroughbred racehorses internationally. There is a strong interest in developing training and management strategies to reduce their impact, however, studies of risk factors report inconsistent findings. Furthermore, many injuries and fatalities occur during training rather than during racing, yet most studies report racing data only. By combining racing and training data a larger exposure to risk factors and a larger number of musculoskeletal injuries are captured and the true effect of risk factors may be more accurately represented. Furthermore, modifications to reduce the impact of MSI are more readily implemented at the training level. Our study aimed to: (1) determine the risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries and whether these are different for two-year-old and older horses and (2) determine whether risk factors vary with type of injury. This was performed by repeating analyses by age category and injury type. Data from 202 cases and 202 matched controls were collected through weekly interviews with trainers and analysed using conditional logistic regression. Increasing dam parity significantly reduced the odds of injury in horses of all age groups because of the effect in two-year-old horses (odds ratio (OR) 0.08; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.02, 0.36; p < 0.001). Increasing total preparation length is associated with higher odds of injury in horses of all ages (OR 5.56; 95% CI 1.59, 19.46; p = 0.01), but particularly in two-year-old horses (OR 8.05; 95% CI 1.92, 33.76; p = 0.004). Increasing number of days exercised at a slow pace decreased the odds of injury in horses of all ages (OR 0.09; 95% CI 0.03, 0.28; p < 0.001). The distance travelled at three-quarter pace and above (faster than 13 m/s; 15 s/furlong; 800 m/min; 48 km/h) and the total distance travelled at a gallop (faster than 15 m/s; 13 s/furlong; 900 m/min; 55 km/h) in the past four weeks significantly affected the odds of injury. There was a non-linear association between high-speed exercise and injury whereby the odds of injury initially increased and subsequently decreased as accumulated high-speed exercise distance increased. None of the racing career and performance indices affected the odds of injury. We identified horses in this population that have particularly high odds of injury. Two-year-old horses from primiparous mares are at increased odds of injury, particularly dorsal metacarpal disease. Two-year-old horses that have had a total preparation length of between 10 and 14 weeks also have increased odds of injury. Horses of all ages that travelled a total distance of 2.4–3.8 km (12–19 furlongs) at a gallop in the last four weeks and horses three years and older that travelled 3.0–4.8 km (15–24 furlongs) at three-quarter pace and above also have increased odds of injury. We recommend that these horses should be monitored closely for impending signs of injury. Increasing the number of days worked at a slow pace may be more effective for preventing injury, if horses are perceived at a higher risk, than resting the horse altogether. Early identification of horses at increased risk and appropriate intervention could substantially reduce the impact of musculoskeletal injuries in Thoroughbred racehorses.

中文翻译：

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澳大利亚昆士兰州纯种赛马肌肉骨骼损伤的危险因素：对于两岁及以上的马，伤害类型如何变化

肌肉骨骼损伤（MSI）继续在国际上影响纯种赛马。制定培训和管理策略以减少其影响引起了强烈兴趣，但是，对风险因素的研究报告发现结果不一致。此外，在训练过程中而不是在比赛过程中发生了很多伤亡事故，但是大多数研究仅报告了赛车数据。通过将赛车和训练数据结合起来，可以更大程度地暴露于危险因素，并捕获到更多的肌肉骨骼损伤，并且可以更准确地表示危险因素的真实效果。此外，在培训级别更容易进行减少MSI影响的修改。我们的研究旨在：（1）确定肌肉骨骼损伤的危险因素，以及对于两岁和更大年龄的马来说，这些因素是否不同；（2）确定危险因素是否随损伤类型而变化。通过按年龄类别和伤害类型重复分析来执行此操作。通过每周与培训者的访谈收集来自202个病例和202个匹配的对照的数据，并使用条件逻辑回归分析。由于两岁马的影响，水坝平价的增加显着降低了所有年龄组马的受伤几率（赔率（OR）为0.08； 95％置信区间（CI）为0.02、0.36；通过每周与培训者的访谈收集来自202个病例和202个匹配的对照的数据，并使用条件逻辑回归分析。由于两岁马的影响，水坝平价的增加显着降低了所有年龄组马的受伤几率（赔率（OR）为0.08； 95％置信区间（CI）为0.02、0.36；通过每周与培训者的访谈收集来自202个病例和202个匹配的对照的数据，并使用条件逻辑回归分析。由于两岁马的影响，水坝平价的增加显着降低了所有年龄组马的受伤几率（赔率（OR）为0.08； 95％置信区间（CI）为0.02、0.36；p <0.001）。所有年龄段的马匹（OR 5.56; 95％CI 1.59，19.46; p = 0.01），总准备时间的增加与较高的受伤几率相关，特别是两岁马（OR 8.05; 95％CI 1.92， 33.76；p = 0.004）。以慢速运动增加的天数降低了所有年龄段马匹的受伤几率（OR 0.09； 95％CI 0.03，0.28；p<0.001）。以四分之三及以上速度行驶的距离（快于13 m / s； 15 s / furlong； 800 m / min； 48 km / h），总行驶距离（快于15 m / s； 13） s / furlong; 900 m / min; 55 km / h）在过去四周中显着影响了受伤几率。高速运动与伤害之间存在非线性关联，由此伤害几率最初会增加，然后随着累积的高速运动距离的增加而降低。赛车职业和性能指数均未影响受伤几率。我们在此人口中发现了受伤几率特别高的马。初产母马的两岁大马受伤的几率增加，尤其是背掌骨疾病。两岁马的准备总时长在10到14周之间，受伤的几率也增加了。在过去的四周内，各个年龄段的马在疾驰中行驶了2.4-3.8公里（12-19弗隆），而三岁以上的马在四分之三时行驶了3.0-4.8公里（15-24弗隆）步伐及以上也增加了受伤的几率。我们建议应密切监视这些马匹，以防可能出现伤害迹象。如果认为马的风险更高，增加慢速工作的天数对预防伤害可能比完全休息马更有效。尽早发现高风险马匹并采取适当的干预措施，可以大大减少纯种赛马中肌肉骨骼损伤的影响。在过去的四周内，各个年龄段的马在疾驰中行驶了2.4-3.8公里（12-19弗隆），而三岁以上的马在四分之三时行驶了3.0-4.8公里（15-24弗隆）步伐及以上也增加了受伤的几率。我们建议应密切监视这些马匹，以防可能出现伤害迹象。如果认为马的风险更高，增加慢速工作的天数对预防伤害可能比完全休息马更有效。尽早发现高风险马匹并采取适当的干预措施，可以大大减少纯种赛马中肌肉骨骼损伤的影响。在过去的四周内，各个年龄段的马在疾驰中行驶了2.4-3.8公里（12-19弗隆），而三岁以上的马在四分之三时行驶了3.0-4.8公里（15-24弗隆）步伐及以上也增加了受伤的几率。我们建议应密切监视这些马匹，以防可能出现伤害迹象。如果认为马的风险更高，增加慢速工作的天数对预防伤害可能比完全休息马更有效。尽早发现高风险马匹并采取适当的干预措施，可以大大减少纯种赛马中肌肉骨骼损伤的影响。在过去的四个星期中，奔跑的速度为8公里（12-19弗隆），三岁及以上的马以四分之三及以上的速度行驶3.0-4.8公里（15-24弗隆）也增加了受伤几率。我们建议应密切监视这些马匹，以防可能出现伤害迹象。如果认为马的风险更高，增加慢速工作的天数对预防伤害可能比完全休息马更有效。尽早发现风险较高的马匹并采取适当的干预措施，可以大大减少纯种赛马中肌肉骨骼损伤的影响。在过去的四个星期中，奔跑的速度为8公里（12-19弗隆），三岁及以上的马以四分之三及以上的速度行驶3.0-4.8公里（15-24弗隆）也增加了受伤几率。我们建议应密切监视这些马匹，以防可能出现伤害迹象。如果认为马的风险更高，增加慢速工作的天数对预防伤害可能比完全休息马更有效。尽早发现高风险马匹并采取适当的干预措施，可以大大减少纯种赛马中肌肉骨骼损伤的影响。如果认为马的风险更高，增加慢速工作的天数对预防伤害可能比完全休息马更有效。尽早发现高风险马匹并采取适当的干预措施，可以大大减少纯种赛马中肌肉骨骼损伤的影响。如果认为马的风险更高，增加慢速工作的天数对预防伤害可能比完全休息更有效。尽早发现高风险马匹并采取适当的干预措施，可以大大减少纯种赛马中肌肉骨骼损伤的影响。