The sustainable development goals (SDGs) provide a framework of goals, targets, and indicators designed to guide national implementation of sustainable development to 2030. Several aspects of the framework are challenging, including its complex and integrated scope and transformational character. A range of approaches developed in the sustainability sciences can assist countries to address these challenges. In this paper, we evaluate recent scientific literature as well as national practice relating to the use of science-based approaches to support and enable national SDG implementation. The review encompasses >150 articles from the peer-reviewed and grey scientific literature, identifying 22 science-based approaches developed and recommended by experts to support national implementation. We then review and evaluate recent practice and experience of 56 countries in implementing the SDGs and the extent to which these approaches are evident in Voluntary National Reviews (VNRs). Overall, we find some cross-fertilization in the science-policy interface of national SDG implementation, particularly in monitoring and evaluation. While scientific methods for evaluating interlinkages between the SDGs and understanding national transformations have advanced considerably in recent years, they are yet to become a feature of the VNRs reviewed. There is evidence that demand for these approaches is increasing, and it will be critical that researchers understand the needs of policy makers and other stakeholders and design tools that provide practical and actionable evidence that assist countries to understand, quantify, and implement the transformations needed to achieve the SDGs over the coming decade.

中文翻译：

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支持国家实施可持续发展目标的科学优先事项：进展和差距审查

可持续发展目标 (SDG) 提供了一个目标、具体目标和指标框架，旨在指导国家实施到 2030 年的可持续发展。该框架的几个方面具有挑战性，包括其复杂和综合的范围和转型特征。在可持续性科学中开发的一系列方法可以帮助各国应对这些挑战。在本文中，我们评估了与使用基于科学的方法来支持和促进国家可持续发展目标实施相关的最新科学文献和国家实践。审查包括来自同行评审和灰色科学文献的 150 多篇文章，确定了专家开发和推荐的 22 种基于科学的方法，以支持国家实施。然后，我们审查和评估 56 个国家最近在实施可持续发展目标方面的做法和经验，以及这些方法在自愿国家审查 (VNR) 中的明显程度。总体而言，我们在国家可持续发展目标实施的科学政策界面中发现了一些相互影响，特别是在监测和评估方面。虽然评估可持续发展目标和理解国家转型之间的相互联系的科学方法近年来取得了长足进步，但它们尚未成为所审查的 VNR 的一个特征。有证据表明对这些方法的需求正在增加，研究人员了解政策制定者和其他利益相关者的需求并设计工具以提供实用和可操作的证据以帮助各国理解、量化、