ABSTRACT: Behavioral differences between males and females can lead to sex-biased dispersal (SBD), and tube-building amphipods are good model organisms to study this process. Depending on the species, males or females have a different affinity to their tubes, and one sex may be more mobile than the other. This distinct dispersal behavior and the scales at which it occurs are not fully understood. Here, we tested the SBD hypothesis at different spatial scales in Cymadusa filosa using direct and indirect approaches. We conducted laboratory (small scale) and field experiments (local scale), and molecular analyses (local and large scale). Laboratory experiments indicated male-biased dispersal over small scales (cm), whereas over local scales (m), field experiments showed similar colonization rates of previously cleaned fronds for both males and females, suggesting no SBD. A higher proportion of juveniles than expected had colonized these fronds, suggesting that juveniles have higher dispersal rates than adults. Also, neighboring individuals were not more genetically related than spatially distant individuals. Over large scales (km), molecular analyses did not indicate SBD, and there were no differences in genetic structure between sexes. Our results showed that SBD depends on the spatial scale. Combining different approaches, we showed that the dispersal of males and females over local and large scales is sufficient to cause a lack of genetic differentiation within each sex, despite small-scale SBD.

中文翻译：

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偏向性别的散布取决于试管两栖动物的空间尺度

摘要：男性和女性之间的行为差​​异可能会导致性别偏向的扩散（SBD），而管造ampampodods是研究此过程的良好模式生物。取决于物种，雄性或雌性对其管的亲和力不同，并且一种性别可能比另一种更具流动性。这种独特的分散行为及其发生的规模尚不完全清楚。在这里，我们测试了Cymadusa filosa中不同空间尺度的SBD假设使用直接和间接方法。我们进行了实验室（小规模）和现场实验（局部规模），以及分子分析（局部和大规模）。实验室实验表明，雄性偏向的扩散范围较小（cm），而局部范围（m），实地实验表明，先前清洗过的雄性和雌性叶的定殖率相似，表明没有SBD。在这些叶片上定居的未成年人比例比预期的高，这表明未成年人的散布率高于成年人。同样，邻近的个体与空间上远的个体在遗传上没有更多的相关性。在大规模（km）上，分子分析未显示SBD，并且性别之间的遗传结构没有差异。我们的结果表明，SBD取决于空间尺度。