The Persian Gulf and Oman Sea are characterized by an interesting paleoclimatic history and different ecological settings, and offer a unique study area to investigate the genetic structure of marine organisms including fishes. The Ornate goby Istigobius ornatus is widely distributed throughout the tropical Indo‐West Pacific including the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. Here, we present the population structure, genetic diversity, and demographic history of four populations of I. ornatus from the latter two regions using the D‐loop marker of mitochondrial DNA. The results reveal a shallow genealogy, a star‐like haplotype network, significance of neutrality tests, and unimodal mismatch distribution. This is concordant with a recent demographic expansion of I. ornatus in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea at about 63,000–14,000 years ago, which appears to be related to Late Pleistocene sea level fall and rise. The results of the pairwise Fst estimates imply high gene flow along the coast of the Persian Gulf, which is probably due to larval dispersion, whereas the Oman Sea population clearly differs from all Persian Gulf populations. The AMOVA result indicates that 7.74% of the variation is related to differences among ecoregions, while inter‐ and intra‐population differences explained −3.20% and 95.47% of the variation, respectively. The haplotype network depicts two groups of haplotypes, most of them were specific to the Persian Gulf. No further evidence for geographic lineage substructuring was evident. The Mantel test result indicates that isolation by distance is not the main mechanism that promoted the genetic differentiation among the studied populations of I. ornatus. We suggest that cumulative effects of ecological and geographic barriers such as salinity, oceanographic conditions, and the presence of the Strait of Hormuz have shaped the genetic structure of I. ornatus in the Persian Gulf and Oman Sea.

中文翻译：

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波斯湾和阿曼海华丽虾虎鱼Istigobius ornatus（Teleostei：Gobiidae）的遗传结构和晚更新世人口膨胀的母系证据

波斯湾和阿曼海的特征是有趣的古气候历史和不同的生态环境，为研究包括鱼类在内的海洋生物的遗传结构提供了独特的研究领域。华丽的虾虎鱼Istigobius ornatus广泛分布于整个热带印度西太平洋，包括波斯湾和阿曼海。在这里，我们使用线粒体DNA的D-loop标记物介绍了后两个区域的四个I. ornatus种群的种群结构，遗传多样性和人口统计学历史。结果揭示了一个较浅的家谱，一个星形单倍型网络，中立性测试的重要性以及单峰不匹配分布。这与最近的I. ornatus人口增长相一致。在大约63,000-14,000年前的波斯湾和阿曼海中，这似乎与晚更新世海平面的下降和上升有关。成对的Fst估计结果表明，沿着波斯湾海岸的基因流较高，这很可能是由于幼虫的分散所致，而阿曼海的种群明显不同于所有波斯湾的种群。AMOVA结果表明，变异的7.74％与生态区域之间的差异有关，而种群内和种群内的差异分别解释了变异的-3.20％和95.47％。单倍型网络描述了两组单倍型，其中大多数是特定于波斯湾的。没有进一步的证据表明地理谱系的子结构。I. ornatus。我们认为，盐度，海洋条件和霍尔木兹海峡等生态和地理障碍的累积影响已经影响了波斯湾和阿曼海角斑鸠鱼的遗传结构。