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The effect of pelage, background, and distance on predator detection and the evolution of primate color vision
American Journal of Primatology ( IF 2.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-21 , DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23230
Pedro Z de Moraes 1 , Pedro Diniz 2, 3 , Maria Helena C Spyrides 4 , Daniel M A Pessoa 1, 5
Affiliation  

Primates' predators, such as carnivore mammals, usually rely on camouflage to increase proximity to prey and start a predatory attempt. Camouflage depends not only on the color pattern presented by a predator's pelage but also on the background scene in which the hunting takes place. Another factor that influences camouflage effectiveness is prey's color vision since a given camouflage strategy might not work for all visual phenotypes. Still, little research has been made on the effect of primate visual phenotype on predator detection. Here, we investigate the effects of natural pelages, background scenarios, visual phenotypes, and detection distances on predator detection. We used photographs of taxidermized carnivores (ocelots, cougars, and lesser grisons) as detection stimuli, taken in three different natural scenarios (forest, savanna, and grassland), and at two viewing distances (near and far). On a touchscreen monitor, sets of four images (only one containing a hidden animal) were randomly presented to 39 human males (19 dichromats and 20 trichromats). We found that trichromats, when compared to dichromats, present a lower latency and a higher accuracy of carnivore detection for some conditions tested. We also found that pelage color, background scenario, and detection distance interact to influence the effectiveness of camouflage. Our results suggest that trichromacy might be even more advantageous for carnivore detection than thought before, since it facilitates detection of mammals with diverse pelage colorations, in environments with different phytophysiognomies, and at longer distances. We also propose that the higher rates of dichromacy found in modern human societies could have resulted from a relaxation in predation.

中文翻译:

分离度,背景和距离对捕食者检测和灵长类动物色觉进化的影响

灵长类动物的食肉动物(例如食肉兽哺乳动物)通常依靠伪装来增加与猎物的接近度并开始掠食性尝试。伪装不仅取决于捕食者的皮草呈现的颜色图案,还取决于进行狩猎的背景场景。影响迷彩效果的另一个因素是猎物的色觉,因为给定的迷彩策略可能不适用于所有视觉表型。但是,关于灵长类动物视觉表型对捕食者检测的影响的研究很少。在这里,我们调查了自然皮毛,背景情况,视觉表型和检测距离对捕食者检测的影响。我们使用在三种不同的自然场景(森林,热带雨林,稀树草原和草原),并且有两个观看距离(近距离和远距离)。在触摸屏监视器上,将四组图像(只有一个包含隐藏的动物)随机呈现给39个人类男性(19个双色眼和20个三色眼)。我们发现,与双色膜相比,三色膜在某些测试条件下呈现出更低的等待时间和更高的食肉动物检测精度。我们还发现,草皮颜色,背景情况和检测距离会相互作用,从而影响伪装的有效性。我们的结果表明,三色性可能比以前想象的更有利于食肉动物的检测,因为它有助于在具有不同植物生理学特征的环境中以及更远的距离处检测具有不同肤色的哺乳动物。
更新日期:2021-02-01
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