Populations of soaring birds are often impacted by wind-power generation. Sex and age bias in turbine collisions can exacerbate these impacts through demographic changes that can lead to population decline or collapse. While several studies have reported sex and age differences in the number of soaring birds killed by turbines, it remains unclear if they result from different abundances or group-specific turbine avoidance behaviours, the latter having severer consequences. We investigated sex and age effects on turbine avoidance behaviour of black kites (Milvus migrans) during migration near the Strait of Gibraltar. We tracked the movements of 135 individuals with GPS data loggers in an area with high density of turbines and then modelled the effect of proximity of turbines on bird utilization distribution (UD). Both sexes and age classes showed similar patterns of displacement, with reduced UD values in the proximity of turbines and a clear peak at 700–850 m away, probably marking the distance at which most birds turn direction to avoid approaching the turbines further. The consistency of these patterns indicates that displacement range can be used as an accurate proxy for collision risk and habitat loss, and should be incorporated in environmental impact assessment studies.

飙升的鸟类数量经常受到风力发电的影响。涡轮机碰撞中的性别和年龄偏见会通过人口变化而加剧这些影响，从而导致人口减少或崩溃。尽管有几项研究报告了涡轮机杀死的飞鸟数量上的性别和年龄差异，但仍不清楚它们是否是由不同的丰度或特定群体的涡轮机规避行为引起的，后者的后果更为严重。我们调查了性别和年龄对黑色风筝（Milvus migrans）的涡轮机回避行为的影响）在直布罗陀海峡附近迁移期间。我们使用GPS数据记录器跟踪了涡轮机高密度区域中135个人的运动，然后对涡轮机接近度对鸟类利用分布（UD）的影响进行了建模。性别和年龄类别均显示出相似的位移模式，涡轮机附近的UD值降低，并且在700-850 m处有一个清晰的峰值，这可能标志着大多数鸟类转向的距离，以避免进一步接近涡轮机。这些模式的一致性表明，位移范围可以用作碰撞风险和栖息地丧失的准确替代，并应纳入环境影响评估研究中。