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Anatomical and Pathological Observation and Analysis of SARS and COVID-19: Microthrombosis Is the Main Cause of Death
Biological Procedures Online ( IF 6.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-20 , DOI: 10.1186/s12575-021-00142-y
Wenjing Chen , Jing Ye Pan

The spread of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 for short) has caused a large number of deaths around the world. We summarized the data reported in the past few months and emphasized that the main causes of death of COVID-19 patients are DAD (Diffuse Alveolar Damage) and DIC (Disseminated intravascular coagulation). Microthrombosis is a prominent clinical feature of COVID-19, and 91.3% of dead patients had microthrombosis. Endothelial damage caused by SARS-CoV-2 cell invasion and subsequent host response disorders involving inflammation and coagulation pathways play a key role in the progression of severe COVID-19. Microvascular thrombosis may lead to microcirculation disorders and multiple organ failure lead to death. The characteristic pathological changes of DAD include alveolar epithelial and vascular endothelial injury, increased alveolar membrane permeability, large numbers of neutrophil infiltration, alveolar hyaline membrane formation, and hypoxemia and respiratory distress as the main clinical manifestations. DAD leads to ARDS in COVID-19 patients. DIC is a syndrome characterized by the activation of systemic intravascular coagulation, which leads to extensive fibrin deposition in the blood. Its occurrence and development begin with the expression of tissue factor and interact with physiological anticoagulation pathways. The down-regulation of fibrin and the impaired fibrinolysis together lead to extensive fibrin deposition. DIC is described as a decrease in the number of platelets and an increase in fibrin degradation products, such as D-dimer and low fibrinogen. The formation of microthrombus leads to the disturbance of microcirculation, which in turn leads to the death of the patient. However, the best prevention and treatment of COVID-19 microthrombosis is still uncertain. This review discusses the latest findings of basic and clinical research on COVID-19-related microthrombosis, and then we proposed the theory of microcirculation perfusion bundle therapy to explore effective methods for preventing and treating COVID-19-related microthrombosis. Further research is urgently needed to clarify how SARS-CoV-2 infection causes thrombotic complications, and how it affects the course and severity of the disease. To cultivate a more comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanism of this disease. Raise awareness of the importance of preventing and treating microthrombosis in patients with COVID-19.

中文翻译:

SARS和COVID-19的解剖和病理观察与分析:微血栓形成是主要的死亡原因

冠状病毒的传播(SARS-CoV-2,简称COVID-19)已在世界范围内造成大量死亡。我们总结了过去几个月中报告的数据,并强调指出,COVID-19患者的主要死亡原因是DAD(弥漫性肺泡损伤)和DIC(弥散性血管内凝血)。微血栓形成是COVID-19的突出临床特征,91.3%的死亡患者患有微血栓形成。SARS-CoV-2细胞入侵引起的内皮损伤以及随后涉及炎症和凝血途径的宿主反应异常在严重COVID-19的进展中起关键作用。微血管血栓形成可能导致微循环障碍,多器官功能衰竭导致死亡。DAD的典型病理变化包括肺泡上皮和血管内皮损伤,肺泡膜通透性增加,大量中性粒细胞浸润,肺泡透明膜形成以及低氧血症和呼吸窘迫为主要临床表现。DAD在COVID-19患者中导致ARDS。DIC是一种以全身血管内凝血激活为特征的综合症,可导致血液中广泛的纤维蛋白沉积。它的发生和发展始于组织因子的表达,并与生理抗凝途径相互作用。纤维蛋白的下调和纤维蛋白溶解受损共同导致大量的纤维蛋白沉积。DIC被描述为血小板数量减少和血纤蛋白降解产物(例如D-二聚体和低血纤蛋白原)增加。微血栓的形成导致微循环障碍,进而导致患者死亡。但是,COVID-19微血栓形成的最佳预防和治疗仍不确定。这篇综述讨论了与COVID-19相关的微血栓形成的基础和临床研究的最新发现,然后我们提出了微循环灌注束疗法的理论,以探索预防和治疗COVID-19相关的微血栓形成的有效方法。迫切需要进一步的研究来阐明SARS-CoV-2感染如何引起血栓性并发症,以及它如何影响疾病的进程和严重程度。培养对这种疾病潜在机制的更全面的了解。提高对预防和治疗COVID-19患者微血栓形成的重要性的认识。尚不清楚COVID-19微血栓形成的最佳预防和治疗方法。这篇综述讨论了与COVID-19相关的微血栓形成的基础和临床研究的最新发现,然后我们提出了微循环灌注束疗法的理论,以探索预防和治疗COVID-19相关的微血栓形成的有效方法。迫切需要进一步的研究来阐明SARS-CoV-2感染如何引起血栓性并发症,以及它如何影响疾病的进程和严重程度。培养对这种疾病潜在机制的更全面的了解。提高对预防和治疗COVID-19患者微血栓形成的重要性的认识。尚不清楚COVID-19微血栓形成的最佳预防和治疗方法。这篇综述讨论了与COVID-19相关的微血栓形成的基础和临床研究的最新发现,然后我们提出了微循环灌注束疗法的理论,以探索预防和治疗COVID-19相关的微血栓形成的有效方法。迫切需要进一步的研究来阐明SARS-CoV-2感染如何引起血栓性并发症,以及它如何影响疾病的进程和严重程度。培养对这种疾病潜在机制的更全面的了解。提高对预防和治疗COVID-19患者微血栓形成的重要性的认识。这篇综述讨论了与COVID-19相关的微血栓形成的基础和临床研究的最新发现,然后我们提出了微循环灌注束疗法的理论,以探索预防和治疗COVID-19相关的微血栓形成的有效方法。迫切需要进一步的研究来阐明SARS-CoV-2感染如何引起血栓性并发症,以及它如何影响疾病的进程和严重程度。培养对这种疾病潜在机制的更全面的了解。提高对预防和治疗COVID-19患者微血栓形成的重要性的认识。这篇综述讨论了与COVID-19相关的微血栓形成的基础和临床研究的最新发现,然后我们提出了微循环灌注束疗法的理论,以探索预防和治疗COVID-19相关的微血栓形成的有效方法。迫切需要进一步的研究来阐明SARS-CoV-2感染如何引起血栓性并发症,以及它如何影响疾病的进程和严重程度。培养对这种疾病潜在机制的更全面的了解。提高对预防和治疗COVID-19患者微血栓形成的重要性的认识。迫切需要进一步的研究来阐明SARS-CoV-2感染如何引起血栓性并发症,以及它如何影响疾病的进程和严重程度。培养对这种疾病潜在机制的更全面的了解。提高对预防和治疗COVID-19患者微血栓形成的重要性的认识。迫切需要进一步的研究来阐明SARS-CoV-2感染如何引起血栓性并发症,以及它如何影响疾病的进程和严重程度。培养对这种疾病潜在机制的更全面的了解。提高对预防和治疗COVID-19患者微血栓形成的重要性的认识。
更新日期:2021-01-20
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